Magnificient Mughals

There's a kingdom in the land of Franks that we didn't know about until now. It's located on a island and is quite weak. Its people have to reputation of stingy traders and are quite greedy for gold, but even other Franks consider them to be simple and unsophisticated in all non-money related respects.

- A Mughal traveller on the English.

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The years of Padishah Jelal-ud-Din's rule were later considered the Golden Age of the Mughal realm. He sponsored major institutions of learning all over the land, while spending lavish sums on the temples off all faiths, whether Muslim, Hindu or Taoist. He was surrounded by a circle of "enlightened philosophers" that promoted doctrines of religious syncretism and fought against intolerance and primitive superstitions.

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From the very beginning We were inclined to not focus Our attention on the difference between various beliefs, considering all peoples to be servants of God. God's grace rests on all faiths, and it's necessary to focus all Our efforts to reach the ever-blooming gardens of peace for everyone.*

- Jelal-ud-Din, in a letter to the Shah of Iran.

Islam and non-Islam are the same in the eyes of those who are truly free.
We hold similar attitudes both to Kaaba and to the Temple,
For Kaaba and Temple are just that - stones.


- Fazla Faizi, court poet of Jelal-ud-Din.

The Padishah's court philosophers emphasised the absolute power of the Mughal ruler, the standing of his government above all religions. They insisted that reason, not dogma should guide the government's actions.

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Jelal-ud-Din debates with representatives of all religions.

Not everyone liked the new Padishah's religious approach. When Faizi died, orthodox Muslim historian Badauni wrote the following:

Godless Faizi died, decent people remarked:
"A disgusting dog had left that world".


To avoid more resistance to his autocratic approach and his religious policies, Jelal-ud-Din needed military conquests. Knowing that Scandinavian war bands who by rivers descend south to Persia and pillage its towns are widely hated, he attacked them, incorporating all territories his armies passed though to his realm, redistributing the conquered lands among the aristocracy.

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When the Iranian Shah demanded the return of his lands, Jelal-ud-Din denied his request, continuing his advance into Iran. Takht-e-Jamshid was taken by Mughal armies. However, Northern Iran was better defended, so the Padishah declined to act against it, knowing that Iran wouldn't survive the conflict with Arabia, anyway.

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A miniature depicting Jelal-ud-Din's army.

Jelal-ud-Din's reign saw the revival of Buddhism in India. This revival was patronized by the Padishah himself.

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When more roving Scandinavian bands came from the North, it was time to sign peace with them. The wars were certainly profitable for the Padishah. Many enemies of his died in these wars - according to Badauni, this was not accidental.

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*Jelal-ud-Din is, of course, Akbar-inspired (this was one of his names) and he indeed wrote this. Direct quotes from Fazla Faizi (aka Shaikh Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak) and Badauni are also authentic (I even didn't bother to change the names).
 
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Who will you kill next?
 
Kill? Hey, I'm going for a culture victory here!
 
But you need to kill civilizations to prevent them from out-culturing you. And the viewers hate it when you go a few updates without being involved in a war.
 
So will tensions form in Iran between the ruling powers: the Mughals and Arabia?
 
Old Jelal-ud-Din died in 1619. Just before his death, his son Shah Alam, tired of waiting for his father to die, rebelled against him.After the rebellion was put down, Jelal-ud-Din realized that he doesn't have his most capable heir any more, and that the nobility needs further appeasing. So he issued his most important Firman of all.

It established a collective rule of nobles over the realm, by creating a Majlis (parliament), in which the nobles had the most seats, although the Mullahs, the Hindu Brahmans, representatives from trading city castes and from higher small landholder castes of the villages were also present. Jelal-ud-Din's Firman also proclaimed once and for all that the state is above all religions. The Padishah, from now on, would be elected for life with no right to appoint a heir.

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The Empire and the world in the middle of 17th century:

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Learning continued to thrive in the realm, as academies and debate halls were established in the holy city of Varanasi.

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But many nations envied Indian prosperity.

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The declaration of war from the Russian tsar seemed to be merely formal, yet the French under the command of general Delacroux landed near Chennai, intending to take a share of Indian riches fort themselves. They were equipped with new model rifles and cannons that the Mughal troops didn't have.

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The people of Madras did not accept French intrusion fairly. Immediately after French armies entered the city, they had to subdue a wide revolt of peasant communities. Mughal armies constantly harassed the French. In the decisive battle, after a shelling -

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Mughal cavalry, recruited from the Rajputs, the Marathas and the Afghani tribesmen, decimated the opposing force. While the peasants of Deccan resented the additional levies and duties imposed on them by the Indian Majlis, their fear of being subjected to foreign enemy was greater then their dislike of their merchant-aristocratic rulers.

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The Padishah-Elect's armies were greeted as liberators.

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Delacroux, the French general, had no choice but to acknowledge his loss and withdraw from India. The King in Paris refused to sign a peace treaty for some time after that, but it was obvious that the French would not trouble India anymore.

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Delacroux negotiating surrender with the Padishah-Elect's representative
 
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That was easy. But the French are a warm-up for the British.
 
The Majlis massed armies in Rajputana to punish the Russians for their disrespect of Hindustan.

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But Russian general Golytsin, nicknamed "Desert Fox" for his successes in Central Asia, outflanked the Mughal troops, invading Persia.

Spoiler :
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Nevertheless, Mughal armies pushed on, bringing for the first time large communities of Orthodox Christians into the empire.

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Then they turned back in order to reconquer Persia. But Golytsin, cunning as usual, proclaimed that he gives it to the Arab caliph. The Majlis didn't want a conflict with Arabia, and so it didn't permanently occupy the now-Arabian areas after successfully clearing the area of all Russian troops.

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These Mughals are getting quite magnificent indeed.
 
It is always good for the learned men of Delhi to exchange new ideas and knowledge with scientists from China. The Chinese scholars support Hindustan in its effort to defeat the Russian aggression. "Russia is a paper tiger", proclaimed the recent letter from the Chinese delegation to Bahadur Shah, the Padishah-elect. The Majlis had accepted a resolution thanking the Chinese delegation for its support.

-From The Delhi Chronicle, May 1712.

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Mir Ahmad, a famous Sufi traveller and preacher, encouraged his followers to take arms and fight against the Russians:

The people of Rus, who invaded our land not so long ago,
They disrespect our customs, whether you're a Hindu, a Muslim or Sikh.
Holy cows are slaughtered, mosques and temples stand in ruins.
They should receive a just punishment for their crimes.


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While Turks were seizing Mesopotamia from the Arabs...

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Mughal troops, after crossing the Great Desert, were at the banks of river Ural*. Russian defenders were, especially in the beginning, scared of grey elephants that used to transport the Mughal artillery. The Catholic community of Aktyubinsk, formed chiefly of Uniate Ukrainians, was at first scared that the new rulers would prove to be intolerant, but the Padishah-Elect granted them a special Firman of Tolerance and Friendship, proclaiming their right to practice and spread their own faith everywhere in India.

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However, when the Mughals advanced to Volga, they've found the local fortresses to be well-manned.

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So the Padishah-Elect signed peace with the Tsar, paying a minor contribution, but getting to keep all the conquered territory.

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*Something strange is going on with the Russian city names here. Aktyubinsk really should be Uralsk (why is the current Uralsk on Volga)?
 
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A minor brief update.

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Discovering ancient Sanskrit texts on economics in Central Asian ruins was a boom to Hindu spirituality across the empire.

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Delhi, with its academies, libraries and temples was truly a great city. Walking around its streets, it was easy to forget about the misery of low-caste city poor.

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The empire and the world in 1748. Note that the Irish are still independent, that Bordeaux is the French capital (Paris doesn't exist, for some reason) and that France had evidently just conquered Madrid.

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After Austria collapsed under the Franco-Prussian assault, Austrian colonies in South Africa were left to fend for themselves. Greatly worrying about the fate of poor Protestant colonists (what other reasons could he have?), the Padishah-Elect graciously sent a fleet to Namibia, taking them under his protection.

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Varanasi was even above Delhi when it came to cultural development. The Varanasi School of Poetry was famous all over India.

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Also, the rulers of West Africa, inspired by our conquest of Luderitz, decided to also get in the colonial game:

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That's what happens when you play from 3000 BC, it's always messed up.
 
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