Masquerouge
Deity
Yay, a solid response.
But I'm not quite onboard with your description of pre-20thcentury parenting. (Sidenote, I don't suppose you could point me at a link with some child mortality/family size historical data?)
Here is some data for the United States, 1800-1990. Will give your neck a nice workout

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5842&page=232
To sum it up:
1800 fertility rate, 7.04,
1850 fertility rate 5.04, infant mortality rate 217 per 1,000,
1990 fertility rate 1.96, mortality rate 7.6
The story is pretty much the same in all Western countries. That's what we were taught in school: Lots of kids, lots of death, so slow growth, then beginning in the 19th century lots of kids, but less death, so population explosion, and now no kids, and no deaths, so no growth again.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_transition
(Very cool article if you're not familiar with DTM)
Because I think that society treasures not only children but human life in general a lot more over the past century or two. That doesn't mean that children can't be treasured just as much by parents (or society) nowadays even with legal majority lowered - perhaps the opposite, "children" will refer to humans that aren't bigger than us, smarter than us, and a lot more pissed off than us and legitimately in need of protection from society.
Ok, I can go with life being more treasured, not just kid's lives, but IMO the most drastic changes happened for kids, what with not working anymore, mandatory education and, oh yes, not dying anymore
