Some noob questions...
1. Does planting a forest improve a tundra tile, or is it better to mine that tile?
Basic tundra: 0 shields
Forrest gives 2 shields
Mine adds +1 shield
RR adds +1 shield to mine.
In addition, forest also look prettier!
2. How do I deal with starvation? I am learning to micromanage my cities, but don't know what to do when several cities keep popping up with starvation.
Each citizen eats 2 food. each turn.
So if a city has 11 citizens, then 11*2=22 slices of bread are eaten when you hit the next turn button.
If all citizens+the center combined in that city are also generating 22 food that turn, then nothing will happen, the city is stable.
If they generate less than 22 food that turn, the difference is removed from the food bin.
If the food bin is empty, a citizen will starve instead.
If they generate more than 22 food that turn, the difference is added to the food bin. If the food bin is full, a new citizen is born. (unless the city sits at a growth cap)
3. Should I stick with the adage, irrigate floorplains and deserts, and mine grasslands, hills and mountains?
Hills and mountains can only be mined, so there is no choice there.
As for the other tiles, Look at what the nearby city needs.
Suppose you want a city to be size 12, then it needs 24 slices of bread.
So if there are 10 grass tiles and 2 plains, then you can mine all (including the plains) If there are 8 grass tiles and 4 plains, then you'll have to irrigate 2 plains.
If you want a city to grow fast (to pump out settlers for example), irrigate even more.
But keep in mind the despotism penalty...
4. Other than speedy transport, do railroads provide any defense or other bonus that makes railroading every tile a good idea (other than just railroading enough tiles to get around).
A rail adds +1 food to an irrigation and +1 shield to a mine.