"Early Medieval"
Fortification - Joachim du Bellay
These blocks of stone you see, this ancient wall,
We're wattles once around a country mead;
These splendid palaces whose sides now fall
Were sheepcots where a rustic flock would feed.
Militia Levy - Honorius of Autun
"Soldiers: You are the arm of the Church, because you should defend it against its enemies.... Performing such a service, you will obtain the most splendid of benefices from the greatest if Kings."
Waterwheel/Waterpower - Lucretius
"Continual dropping wears away a stone."
Heavy Plough - none yet
Horse collar - none yet
Crop rotation - none yet
"High/Late Medieval"
Scholasticism - Desiderius Erasmus
"I know how busy you are in your library, which is your Paradise."
Natural Law - St. Thomas Aquinas
"Hence this is the first precept of law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided."
Shaft Mining - bernardino Ramazzini
"Miners: they came up into the untainted open air looking as ghastly as the retinue of the god of the underworld because of their stay in those foul dark places. Whatever metal they mine, they invite dreadful diseases which too often mock at every remedy..."
Mendicant Orders - none yet
Long Distance Trade - Anonymous crew member from Vasco da Gama's expedition.
"The vessels of this country are of good size and decked. There are no nails, and the planks are held together by chords... The sails are made of plain matting. Their mariners have Genoese needles by which they steer, quadrants, and navigating charts."
Heraldry/Coat of Arms - unknown contemporary chronicler of Poiters (1356)
"Then you might see banners and pennons unfurled to the wind, whereon fine gold and azure shone, purple, gules and ermine. Trumpets, horns, and clarions-you might hear sounding through the camp; the Dauphin's great battle made the earth ring."
Lamination/Bodkin Arrow - Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
The moon, like to a silver bow
New-bent in heaven
Pole Arms - John Milton
No war, or battle's sound
Was heard the world round.
The idle spear and shield were high up hung.
Oil Painting - Giovanni Rucellai
"[Florence] is considered the finest and most beautiful city - not only in Christendom - but in the entire world."
Usury - Saint Thomas Aquinas
"To take usury for money lent is unjust in itself, because this is to sell what does not exist, and is evidently leads to inequality which is contrary to justice."
Standard Currency - David Hume
"Money is not, properly speaking, one of the subjects of commerce; but only the instrument, which men have agreed upon to facilitate the exchange of one commodity for another."
City/Town Charters - King Henry II of England, 1157
"Henry, by the grace of God, etc... Know that I have granted to my citizens of Lincoln all their liberties and customs and laws which they had in the time of Edward and William and Henry, kings of England."
Sanitation - John Evelyn, 1661
"In London we see people walk and converse pursued and haunted by that infernal smoke. The inhabitants breathe nothing but an impure and thick mist, accompanied by a fuliginous and filthy vapor... corrupting the lungs and disordering the entire habit of their bodies."
Quarantining - A Genoese nun 1656
"A very great number of poor people live in crowded conditions. There are ten to twelve families per house and most frequently one finds eight or more people sharing one room and having neither water nor any other facility available."
Monastic Reform - Benedict of Nursia
"Listen carefully, my son, to the master's instruction, and attend to them with the ear of your heart."
Pilgrimage - Francesco di Marco
"On this
18th day of August1399, I, Francesco di Marco, through the inspiration of God and his Mother our Lady, resolved to go on a pilgrimage, clothed entirely in white linen and barefoot. As was the custom then from many people in the city..."
Humanism - Benevento Cellini
My cruel fate hath warr'd with me in vain:
Life, glory, worth, and all unmeasur'd skill,
Beauty and grace, themselves in me fulfill
That many I surpass, and to the best attain.