Pontiuth Pilate
Republican Jesus!
Our planet: a toilet that doesn't flush.
Too-long-didn't-read summary... we make ketchup bottles that last 400 years, they get dumped in landfills or wash out to sea, and all the garbage collects in the doldrums to form a literal sea of trash.
Wow.
Couldn't we make a different kind of plastic? Like, think of waste management. If you crap in the woods, eventually the microorganisms will take care of it. However if you live in a city with 100,000 other people and you all crap into the river that flows through your town... you have a problem. So there are sewage treatment plants, which - surprisingly - don't actually do anything very special to the waste. They just filter it, and then let it sit in a medium with an unusually high amount of aeration and surface area. The bacteria do the rest, finishing the job very quickly thanks to the favorable conditions, and the water is clean on the other side.
Now what about plastic waste - couldn't we design a kind of plastic where the polymer is strong under normal conditions, but is designed to degrade quickly when exposed to a specific wavelength of radiation? When you're done with your plastic product you dump it in the recycling, the trash collectors bring it to a "plastic treatment plant" where all the junk is laid out and exposed to special light for a few days or weeks. Then you have raw material that can be added to catalyst to repolymerize and make new plastic products.
Or, another idea, invent a process to turn some kind of biological plastic-like polymer (cellulose? starch?) into a strong, resistant plastic, along with a way to biodegrade it. Then you wouldn't even have to sort your trash - toss your food and bioplastic into a landfill, and in a few years it's a forest that you can harvest more plastics from.
Fate can take strange forms, and so perhaps it does not seem unusual that Captain Charles Moore found his lifes purpose in a nightmare. Unfortunately, he was awake at the time, and 800 miles north of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
It happened on August 3, 1997, a lovely day, at least in the beginning: Sunny. Little wind. Water the color of sapphires. Moore and the crew of Alguita, his 50-foot aluminum-hulled catamaran, sliced through the sea.
Returning to Southern California from Hawaii after a sailing race, Moore had altered Alguitas course, veering slightly north. He had the time and the curiosity to try a new route, one that would lead the vessel through the eastern corner of a 10-million-square-mile oval known as the North Pacific subtropical gyre. This was an odd stretch of ocean, a place most boats purposely avoided. For one thing, it was becalmed. The doldrums, sailors called it, and they steered clear. So did the oceans top predators: the tuna, sharks, and other large fish that required livelier waters, flush with prey. The gyre was more like a deserta slow, deep, clockwise-swirling vortex of air and water caused by a mountain of high-pressure air that lingered above it.
The areas reputation didnt deter Moore. He had grown up in Long Beach, 40 miles south of L.A., with the Pacific literally in his front yard, and he possessed an impressive aquatic résumé: deckhand, able seaman, sailor, scuba diver, surfer, and finally captain. Moore had spent countless hours in the ocean, fascinated by its vast trove of secrets and terrors. Hed seen a lot of things out there, things that were glorious and grand; things that were ferocious and humbling. But he had never seen anything nearly as chilling as what lay ahead of him in the gyre.
It began with a line of plastic bags ghosting the surface, followed by an ugly tangle of junk: nets and ropes and bottles, motor-oil jugs and cracked bath toys, a mangled tarp. Tires. A traffic cone. Moore could not believe his eyes. Out here in this desolate place, the water was a stew of plastic crap. It was as though someone had taken the pristine seascape of his youth and swapped it for a landfill.
How did all the plastic end up here? How did this trash tsunami begin? What did it mean? If the questions seemed overwhelming, Moore would soon learn that the answers were even more so, and that his discovery had dire implications for humanand planetaryhealth. As Alguita glided through the area that scientists now refer to as the Eastern Garbage Patch, Moore realized that the trail of plastic went on for hundreds of miles. Depressed and stunned, he sailed for a week through bobbing, toxic debris trapped in a purgatory of circling currents. To his horror, he had stumbled across the 21st-century Leviathan. It had no head, no tail. Just an endless body.
...
Since his first encounter with the Garbage Patch nine years ago, Moore has been on a mission to learn exactly whats going on out there. Leaving behind a 25-year career running a furniture-restoration business, he has created the Algalita Marine Research Foundation to spread the word of his findings. He has resumed his science studies, which hed set aside when his attention swerved from pursuing a university degree to protesting the Vietnam War. His tireless effort has placed him on the front lines of this new, more abstract battle. After enlisting scientists such as Steven B. Weisberg, Ph.D. (executive director of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project and an expert in marine environmental monitoring), to develop methods for analyzing the gyres contents, Moore has sailed Alguita back to the Garbage Patch several times. On each trip, the volume of plastic has grown alarmingly. The area in which it accumulates is now twice the size of Texas.
At the same time, all over the globe, there are signs that plastic pollution is doing more than blighting the scenery; it is also making its way into the food chain. Some of the most obvious victims are the dead seabirds that have been washing ashore in startling numbers, their bodies packed with plastic: things like bottle caps, cigarette lighters, tampon applicators, and colored scraps that, to a foraging bird, resemble baitfish. (One animal dissected by Dutch researchers contained 1,603 pieces of plastic.) And the birds arent alone. All sea creatures are threatened by floating plastic, from whales down to zooplankton. Theres a basic moral horror in seeing the pictures: a sea turtle with a plastic band strangling its shell into an hourglass shape; a humpback towing plastic nets that cut into its flesh and make it impossible for the animal to hunt. More than a million seabirds, 100,000 marine mammals, and countless fish die in the North Pacific each year, either from mistakenly eating this junk or from being ensnared in it and drowning.
Bad enough. But Moore soon learned that the big, tentacled balls of trash were only the most visible signs of the problem; others were far less obvious, and far more evil. Dragging a fine-meshed net known as a manta trawl, he discovered minuscule pieces of plastic, some barely visible to the eye, swirling like fish food throughout the water. He and his researchers parsed, measured, and sorted their samples and arrived at the following conclusion: By weight, this swath of sea contains six times as much plastic as it does plankton.
This statistic is grimfor marine animals, of course, but even more so for humans. The more invisible and ubiquitous the pollution, the more likely it will end up inside us. And theres growingand disturbingproof that were ingesting plastic toxins constantly, and that even slight doses of these substances can severely disrupt gene activity...
Except for the small amount thats been incineratedand its a very small amountevery bit of plastic ever made still exists, Moore says...
The word itselfnurdlessounds cuddly and harmless, like a cartoon character or a pasta for kids, but what it refers to is most certainly not. [ed - Nurdles are raw pellets of plastic that form the starting materials for finished plastic products.] Absorbing up to a million times the level of organic pollutants in their surrounding waters, nurdles become supersaturated poison pills. Theyre light enough to blow around like dust, to spill out of shipping containers, and to wash into harbors, storm drains, and creeks. In the ocean, nurdles are easily mistaken for fish eggs by creatures that would very much like to have such a snack. And once inside the body of a bigeye tuna or a king salmon, these tenacious chemicals are headed directly to your dinner table.
One study estimated that nurdles now account for 10 percent of plastic ocean debris. And once theyre scattered in the environment, theyre diabolically hard to clean up (think wayward confetti). At places as remote as Rarotonga, in the Cook Islands, 2,100 miles northeast of New Zealand and a 12-hour flight from L.A., theyre commonly found mixed with beach sand. In 2004, Moore received a $500,000 grant from the state of California to investigate the myriad ways in which nurdles go astray during the plastic manufacturing process. On a visit to a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe factory, as he walked through an area where railcars unloaded ground-up nurdles, he noticed that his pant cuffs were filled with a fine plastic dust. Turning a corner, he saw windblown drifts of nurdles piled against a fence. Talking about the experience, Moores voice becomes strained and his words pour out in an urgent tumble: Its not the big trash on the beach. Its the fact that the whole biosphere is becoming mixed with these plastic particles. What are they doing to us? Were breathing them, the fish are eating them, theyre in our hair, theyre in our skin.
Though marine dumping is part of the problem, escaped nurdles and other plastic litter migrate to the gyre largely from land. That polystyrene cup you saw floating in the creek, if it doesnt get picked up and specifically taken to a landfill, will eventually be washed out to sea. Once there, it will have plenty of places to go: The North Pacific gyre is only one of five such high-pressure zones in the oceans. There are similar areas in the South Pacific, the North and South Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Each of these gyres has its own version of the Garbage Patch, as plastic gathers in the currents. Together, these areas cover 40 percent of the sea. That corresponds to a quarter of the earths surface, Moore says. So 25 percent of our planet is a toilet that never flushes.
Too-long-didn't-read summary... we make ketchup bottles that last 400 years, they get dumped in landfills or wash out to sea, and all the garbage collects in the doldrums to form a literal sea of trash.
Wow.
Couldn't we make a different kind of plastic? Like, think of waste management. If you crap in the woods, eventually the microorganisms will take care of it. However if you live in a city with 100,000 other people and you all crap into the river that flows through your town... you have a problem. So there are sewage treatment plants, which - surprisingly - don't actually do anything very special to the waste. They just filter it, and then let it sit in a medium with an unusually high amount of aeration and surface area. The bacteria do the rest, finishing the job very quickly thanks to the favorable conditions, and the water is clean on the other side.
Now what about plastic waste - couldn't we design a kind of plastic where the polymer is strong under normal conditions, but is designed to degrade quickly when exposed to a specific wavelength of radiation? When you're done with your plastic product you dump it in the recycling, the trash collectors bring it to a "plastic treatment plant" where all the junk is laid out and exposed to special light for a few days or weeks. Then you have raw material that can be added to catalyst to repolymerize and make new plastic products.
Or, another idea, invent a process to turn some kind of biological plastic-like polymer (cellulose? starch?) into a strong, resistant plastic, along with a way to biodegrade it. Then you wouldn't even have to sort your trash - toss your food and bioplastic into a landfill, and in a few years it's a forest that you can harvest more plastics from.
I turtley agree with him -they should have got the details right. 
