I'm not sure how England's going to help, though. Where does the Stock Exchange fit into this? That supplies gold, not research...
The stock exchange gives you money. Money makes the world go round. If you do the democracy beeline, followed by a chemistry bulb, you are good as gold (on Monarch and below). Use grenadiers/trebuchets to take territory off the AI quickly and then cottage as fast as you can. You should switch out of caste system once you have lots of cottages being worked and go to emancipation, which grows the cottages...
Once the are grown somewhat go to Free Speech (well, you could have gone to that already) and Universal Suffrage (for the +1
towns + the important "buy production" thing).
The stock exchanges of england will give you so much gold (when you have enough cottages) that you'll be able to buy univerisites + observatories + grocers etc. in all
cities much, much faster than you could build them.
The route I suggested (democracy) isn't the only one, but it's solid as long as you have cottageable land and you aren't scared of using grenadiers to get more land.
The 800AD biology beeline is also sweet, because once you have Nationalism+Rifling you can draft riflemen very rapidly.
If this is about philosophical, that's going to depend on getting more than one's fair share of wonders, it sounds (without them, I'm not confident even Pacifism will help).
Specialists are a much better potential source of
points than wonders. Run 6-7 scientists with pacifism+NE+philosophical and you'll be swimming in Great Scientists.
{fumes} And now I'm sounding petulant...Maybe it's because a very popular leader just got recommended, and I'm determined to thrive while going against the grain...That, and I'm not just worried about being underpowerful. I'm also worried about being OVERpowerful....
OVERPowerful???? What's wrong with that?
For a challenge try running someone like Montezuma in a science race. The democracy beeline still works and the cottages will still give you faster research with the AI. You'll just have less money+less great people, but to make up for it you can switch civics fast and get Combat I for your melee/gunpowder..
[EDIT] Also, importantly, I recommend an early war. The reason I mentioned beeline teching and warring first with grenadiers was that I was assuming that you don't like to fight wars and prefer teching?