You mean,
were courageous.
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WHO IS WHO IN 1490s MUSCOVY
Ivan "III" Vasilyevich (son of Vasily "II" Vasilyevich, known as "the Dark") (himself known as "the Great", "the Terrible" and "the Just") is the Great Prince/Grand Duke of Muscovy and the prince of hundreds of tiny principalities; he also lays claim to the title of "Sovereign of the Entire Rus", and occasionally calls himself Tsar to such foreign rulers as are too weak to laugh at that. He is the supreme autocrat of the Grand Principality of Moscow; he has curtailed feudal freedoms and privileges as much as he could manage at the moment, and many privileges still remain in name, in reality Ioann (as he is also sometimes called, the name Ivan being Greek in descent, and Greek words being fancier than Russian words and more appropriate for the man whom some are just now beginning to call the spiritual and temporal successor of the Byzantine emperors) can do as he pleases with those who get in his way. Had he lived closer to Italy, he would've probably been mentiond by Macchiaveli a lot, being pretty close to an ideal Prince in his manner of policy, though it is not that simple. His character is not that simple either; he can be quite even-tempered and almost frightfully patient, but is very much prone to occasional outbursts of wrath; he is fond of grandiose, theatrical gestures and also of alcohol. Reputedly can make women faint by looking at them. All in all, though, is supremely pragmatic.
Ivan Vasilyevich is currently married to Sofia Fominichna, better known elsewhere as Sophia or Zoe Paleologue, and has five sons from her; his only son from the first marriage, Ivan the Young, is probably dead by now, but the son of Ivan Ivanovich,
Dmitriy the Grandson ("Vnuk"), is alive and eight years old as of this writing, and is a definite future contender for the throne; and he already has a political party that can't wait to crown someone entirely under it's influence. Ivan's eldest surviving son,
Vasily Ivanovich, is eleven years old, and what goes for Dmitriy Vnuk goes for him as well, pretty much. The two parties at the court are in a bitter opposition to each other, though afraid to go too far under the Great Prince's watchful eyes. Ivan Vasilyevich isn't sure what to make of it all just yet, though.
Before proceeding further, a note on the
chiny, or ranks; these are the places in different levels of state administration, determining not so much the political power and functions of a given "serving man" (usually a noble of some sort or another) as his prestige and influence: the
dumniye chiny (Duma ranks) are held by the closest advisors to the Great Prince, usually princes or boyars (note that the Duma is not a formal organisation of any kind; this is just the usual intimate circle the Great Prince consults with before taking major decisions; not quite a Cabinet, but something of an informal State Council, definitely). The
dvoretskiye chiny (palace ranks, or court ranks) are held by the Moscow boyars and dvoryans, and are mostly ceremonial and a leftover of the times where the Court was even more of a center of political life than it is now; nonetheless, they are not unimportant; it is a clear way to gain in prestige and influence, get noticed by the Great Prince, and rise up the career ladder; also, the stablemaster is in charge of the Big Moscow Regiment cavalry (the Big Moscow Regiment is the main army of the Great Prince as opposed to more local levies, consisting of Moscow's traditional boyar and dvoryan cavalry (more emphasis on the latter lately) and levied heavy infantry; it has been called the military equivalent of the Court), the butler (courtmaster) is in charge of the complicated court economy (including the Great Prince's private "court lands", as opposed to the state "black plough" lands) and hierarchy, the huntsman collects the payments in kind from hunters, and others also have their own significant functions as well, even if they have little to do with their official descriptions. The greater mass here are courtiers with less important and more ceremonial courtly functions, though; they merely represent their families and are also the main aristocratic-bureaucratic cadres of the central administration. There are no ministries as such, but their prototypes/equivalents are commanded by specially assigned persons from those two higher ranks. Military command - over the aforementioned Big Moscow Regiment as a whole or in parts - goes here as well. Lastly, the
mestniye chiny (local ranks) have to do with local administration; service princes, relatively lesser boyars, okolnichy and the boyar children go here, making up a local government hierarchy of their own (the more well-off princes are the governors, ofcourse, whereas the lesser ones tend to be relatively high up in the civil and military administration as well, and so this is not a shameful assignment at all for most of them; but boyars, except maybe for any local boyars, would generally much rather be in Moscow if that was economically and politically feasible, which it usually isn't). And, ofcourse, noble "administrators" on all levels, up to the Great Prince himself, are often helped by a staff of dyaks - originally, scribes, but now a more accurate translation might be "clerks"; they are special bureaucrats of different and usually non-aristocratic descent. Most of them are little more than secretaries; one of them is practically the Minister of Foreign Affairs, or would have been such if the diplomatic service wasn't so primitive.
Anyway, the court factions. They are perhaps best described as cliques - informal, based on personal relations and very loose and ambiguous. Still, most of the courtiers who matter are associated, to one extent or another, with either
Elena the Wallachian (she was Moldavian; the contemporary Muscovite grasp on geography was rather hit-and-miss) or
Sofia Fominichna, the two women basically heading the parties of their respective eldest children (before that, Sofia was mostly just trying to oppose the inheritance and/or limit the influence of Ivan the Young; his positions were usually much stronger, ofcourse, as he was a nigh-indisputable heir except when quarreling with his father; but now he is dead, the predominance of his party is broken, and all is in chaos with the balance of power rapidly shifting towards the other side...). Incidentally, those two women are rather similar in that despite being markedly Orthodox, they also had a very European upbringing and education, and are rather ambitious. Both had attracted allies of differing ranks, political roles and social classes; all in all, the reform-minded urban priests and the more powerful and educated of dyaks tend to gravitate towards Elena the Wallachian, whereas the monks and the boyar children rather ally with Sofia Fominichna; boyars, dvoryans and princes are far more split in their allegiances. The Daniilovichi (i.e. descended from Daniil Aleksandrovich, the first prince of Moscow and son of Aleksandr Nevskiy) appanage princes are a distinct group entirely and are more opportunistic than anything else, for instance. The other princes are similar, if to a lesser extent; for what's it's worth, the powerful Gediminid Patrikeyevy clan is provisionally on Elena's side, as are their kin. The old Muscovite boyardom has generally sided with Sofia Fomichna in the past, as had most foreigners; Elena has since acquired the support of the dvoryandom.
I can't seem to find the exact composition of the Duma in 1491, but based on 1498, it (and thus, the uppermost levels of the Court/government) should be dominated/fought over by the Patrikeyevy and their assorted kin (headed by
Prince Ivan Yuryevich Patrikeyev-Gvozd, renowned for military leadership and political intrigue during the assorted wars with Novgorod and Kazan; indeed the Patrikeyevy always had a great deal of informal influence if not formal power in Novgorod since its conquest if not earlier), the waning, semi-boyarised princes of Yaroslavl (led by
Prince Semyon Romanovich Yaroslavskiy, likewise martially distinguished, especially on the eastern front as it were), the Obolenskiye (led by
Prince Aleksandr Vasilyevich Obolenskiy and
Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Obolenskiy-Nagoy; both prominent military commanders and occasional diplomats, the former in particular commanding a large portion of the Big Moscow Regiment in the war with Novgorod) and some of the entrenched rich Muscovite boyars (the ascendant Koshkiny-Zaharyiny presently led from afar by the current governor of Novgorod
Yuri Zakharyevich Koshkin-Zakharyin come to mind are definitely there; you might know them under a somewhat different, later last name, though...). The Shuiskie princes are currently in a state of temporary decline, after some unsuccesful intrigues in the 1470s and the extinction of one of their more active branches left them disoriented and leaderless; but at least one of them,
Prince Vasily Fedorovich Shuisky-Kitai, has been making the first steps towards recovery, having recently been appointed as the Muscovite governor of Pskov (which is a position very similar to that of the prince of Novgorod before 1478, but all in all one could do worse).
(Coincidentally, aside from their patriarch and his three sons, the Patrykeyevy can also boast Yuri's brother-in-law
Prince Semyon Ivanovich Ryapolovskiy, who, in addition to the usual military campaigning against the Tatars, is also something of a spymaster, watching after the appanage princes and the Khan of Kazan', and perhaps most importantly,
Prince Daniil Vasilyevich Schenya, a member of a lesser branch of the family who is
the rising star Muscovite military commander and who has been capably and inventively leading campaigns in all directions since he was fourteen, hence his nickname (schenok="puppy", although he is forty or in the thereabouts now) and also his rapidly becoming the Great Prince's most trusted general. He has been growing bored with the peace lately...).
The Tatar princes remain mostly aloof from the Muscovite intrigue, at least for now and to all appearances;
Nur Davlet Khan of the Qasim Khanate and his son and co-ruler
Prince Satylgan are far more concerned with their territorial and military affairs, and the lesser Tatar princes just aren't too important to anyone and usually are in the Qasim employment anyway.
Aside from the Patrikeyevy, the nucleus of Elena's party included, in addition to the widow herself, the heretics mentioned under FUN FACTS (Alexius, Dionysius, Skharia the Jew), and the humble dyak
Feodor Kuritsyn, the aforementioned chief ambassador and diplomatist of the Great Prince, a very distinguished elder statesman in both senses of the word, a man of considerable political experience and acumen, and also an amateur (but pretty good) mystic and writer who had been to Germany, Italy, Greece and elsewhere, and so could not help but pick up considerable and varied extraneous influences. His younger brother
Ivan Volk - another dyak and diplomat - is something of an ascending figure and also definitely in this circle. The aforementioned Obolenskiye seem moderately sympathetic as well.
The composition of Sofia's party is in a way even more uncertain, as it mainly has the vague and not very explicit support of many lesser princes and the old boyars of Moscow that simply dislike her opponent more than her (and the appanage princes, who are willing to support her as long as she seems the weaker party); that said, the Koshkiny-Zakharyiny are definitely on her side, Yuri Zakharyevich himself being a fierce enemy of the heretics (and the Patrykeyevy) back in Novgorod. And as already mentioned, they are formidable allies: a rich and fertile, firmly rooted yet also very much ascendant boyar family. Aside from him and the monks (mainly the aforementioned archbishop Gennadiy), this party's leadership is mainly made up of diplomats as well: the influential and not-quite-completely-marginalised Greek brothers
Dmitriy (Demetrios) Trakhaniot and
Yuri (Georgios) Trakhaniot, and the dyak
Vladimir Gusev. The latter is worth of special note; the dyaks were not always of unaristocratic descent - in fact, often enough they came from the lower aristocracy, and Gusev himself was one of the Muscovite boyar children, rising, along with his relatives, to the very relative top economically and politically via diplomatic service. As such, he was able to rally a clique of ambituous local boyar children and impoverished but proud princes (mainly the Smolenskian Rurikovichi who fled from Lithuanian rule to Muscovy having lost their last lands to richer neighbours: the Eropkiny and the Traviny, and maybe some others) who were behind the princeling Vasily Ivanovich all the way. Lastly, mention might be made of the heirs of the last autonomous appanage prince of Beloozero and Mozhaysk, Mikhail Andreyevich (Ivan III's cousin): ie.
Vasily Mikhailovich Mozhayskiy and his court-in-hiding in Lithuania, and also the leftovers of the recently-abolished Tverian court - Gusev being strongly connected with both via kin and personal dealings.
There were other people back then as well, ofcourse, but those, plus the people mentioned under FUN FACTS, are the main actors of the political scene of Muscovy at the time; the others are overshadowed, or retired, or, in their majority, waiting for a chance to emerge and gain the favourable attention of the powers that be - whatever they might be.