Richard Cribb
He does monologues
- Joined
- Nov 5, 2003
- Messages
- 4,291
7. Below are the pictures, names and the years of birth and death of five prominent people from the Age of Enlightenment. Put them together correctly and earn 4 p for each correct row.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1. Dugald Stewart. Scottish philosopher who taught at the university of Edinburgh and made it a center of intellectual influence.
2.Mikhail Lomonosov. Russian polymath who made important contributions to literature, education and science.
3. Cesare Baccaria. Italian philosopher and politician. A pioneer in criminal reform.
4. Ignacy Krasicki. Polish social critic, writer and poet. Nicknamed "The Prince of Poets".
5. Johann Gottfried Herder. German poet, critic, theologian and philosopher. Had a huge influence on German literature and the development of romanticism.
a. 1744-1803
b.1735-1801
c. 1711-1765
d.1738-1794
e.1753-1828
8. Here are three creation myths. From which cultures do they come from (3 p each)?
1.
2.
3.
9.What is Maria Sibylla Merian known as (5 p)?
10. What was the Darien scheme (6 p)?
11.What is the etymology of the following countries:
1.Barbados
2.Croatia
3.Gambia
4.Guatemala
5.Kyrgyzstan
6.Moldova
2 p for each correct answer.
12. The poem below is written by one who resided in a state not known for its love of art. What was the poet's name (2 p). and what state did he reside in (1 p)?
According to a tradition which authencity is doubtful, the poet was born somewhere else. Where was that (2 p), and what was the reason for that he settled down in this state (2 p)?
13. What connects John Steinbeck, Abbie Hoffman and James Randi (6 p)?
14. What was the Whiskey Rebellion (4 p)?
15. Only one South American nation send organized troops to fight with the Allies in the Second World War. Which nation was that (3 p)?
16. Here is a depiction of a famous ruler.
Who was he, and which country did he rule (3 p)?
And finally, a bonus question:
Why is the original Eau de Cologne named 4711 (3 p)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1. Dugald Stewart. Scottish philosopher who taught at the university of Edinburgh and made it a center of intellectual influence.
2.Mikhail Lomonosov. Russian polymath who made important contributions to literature, education and science.
3. Cesare Baccaria. Italian philosopher and politician. A pioneer in criminal reform.
4. Ignacy Krasicki. Polish social critic, writer and poet. Nicknamed "The Prince of Poets".
5. Johann Gottfried Herder. German poet, critic, theologian and philosopher. Had a huge influence on German literature and the development of romanticism.
a. 1744-1803
b.1735-1801
c. 1711-1765
d.1738-1794
e.1753-1828
8. Here are three creation myths. From which cultures do they come from (3 p each)?
1.
In the days of Nehera - before the Once upon a times, Papatuanuku, Earth Mother and Ranginui, Sky Father clung to each other with a passionate embrace. So tight was that embrace their children had to crawl on bended knees and in eternal darkness upon the thighs, belly and breasts of their beloved mother.
Finally the children decided that their parents had to be separated so that they could stretch and grow and walk upright in the light. Each of the children took their turn to try and separate their parents.
Rongomatane-God of Culitvate food. Gentle and peace loving, the peace maker and teacher and to whom all cultivated food pertain. Aue! Rongo was unable to separate his parents so strong was their love for each other.
Next came Haumie - God of Gathered Food. The sweet potatoe or kumara. Aue! Haumie too was unable to separate his parents so deep was their love for each other.
E Tu! Tumatauenga-God of War. Fierce Tu, the destroyer of man! Aue! Even this god, Lord of the red field of war was unable to separate his parents so fierce was their love for each other.
The next to try was Tangaroa - God of the Sea. Father of the sea and all those that dwell there. Aue! Tangaroa was unable to separate his parents so unwavering was their love for each other.
Finally Tane Mahuta - God of the Forest. Lying on bis back upon the breast of Papatuanuku he planted his feet upon his father. Tane heaved an almighty heave. Silence. Tane heaved again and slowly with a heart rendering tear his parents started to move apart. Tane continued to push and push, Papatuanuku began to moan. Tane continued to push and push, Ranginui began to wail. Tane pushed and pushed until finally they were separated and light flooded across the body of Papatuanuku. Papatuaku wreathed and shook in sorrow, Rangnui looking down from above cried oceans and rivers and lakes filling the hollows, curves and crevices of his beloved Papa.
But there was one child who was not happy to see his parents separated. Tawhirimatea-God of the Winds. So fierce and angry was Tawhiri at his brother’s actions that a violent battle insued. Tawhiri lashed at the body of his mother as she lay beneath his father. Winds tore at her breasts, storms raged in her face. So fierce was this brother that the others were powerless to stand against him. Tangaroa retreated into the seas created by the tears of his father, Haumie burrowed into the soft red earth of his mother. And the children of Tane were uprooted and strewn about. Finally exhausted and spent Tawhirimatea ascended to his father where he remains today to return from time to time to vent his anger upon his mother and his brothers.
Uru-te-ngana, God of Heavenly bodies and first born of Rangi and Papa took pity on his parents and gently turned his mother over so neither would have to see the pain and longing of the other. He then ascended into the heavens to adorn his father with planets and stars.
Ruaumoko - God of Earthquakes, the unborn child of Rangi and Papa remains deep within his mother reminding us of his presence as he rolls over in his mother's belly.
Tane Mahuta - God of the Forest then set about clothing his mother. Trees and vines, ferns and bushes, birds to fill the air with their bright plumage and birdsong, and then finally to fashion the first woman from clay found at the pubis of Papatuanuku and to breath life into her.
2.
In the beginning, there was only Mangala. Mangala is a singular, powerful being who is perceived to be a round, energetic presence. Within Mangala existed four divisions, which were symbolic of, among many things, the four days of the week (time), the four elements (matter), and the four directions (space). Mangala also contained two sets of dual gendered twins. Mangala was tired of keeping all of this matter inside, so the god removed it and compiled it into a seed. The seed was his creation of the world. The seed however did not hold together well and blew up. Mangala was disappointed with this and destroyed the world he created.
Mangala did not loose hope; the creator began again, this time with two sets of twin seeds. Mangala planted the seeds in an egg shaped womb where they gestated. Mangala continued to put more sets of twin seeds in the womb until he had 8 sets of seeds. In the womb, the gestating seeds transformed themselves into fish. The fish is considered a symbol of fertility in the Mande world. This time, Mangala's creation was successful. This is important, because it illustrates the idea of dual gendered twinship, an idea that permeates Mande culture.
Mangala tried to maintain this perfect creation, but chaos crept in; one of the male twins became ambitious and tried to escape from the egg. This chaotic character is called Pemba. He is a t trickster figure who symbolizes the mischievousness of humans. Pemba's first trick was to steal the a piece of the womb's placenta and throw it down. This action made the the earth. Pemba then tried to refertilize what was left of the womb, committing incest against his mother, the womb.
Mangala decided to sacrifice Pemba's brother Farro to save what was left of his creation. He castrated him and then killed in order to raise him from the dead. Mangala took what was left of the placenta and transformed it into the sun, thus associating Pemba with darkness and the night. Farro was transformed into a human being and was taught the language of creation by Mangala. Farro's knowledge of words is very powerful and the tool he used to defeat Pemba's mischief. Farro and his newly created twins came to Earth and got married (not to each other) and became the horonw.
3.
In the beginning there were only two: Tawa, the Sun God, and Spider Woman, the Earth Goddess. All the mysteries and power in the Above belonged to Tawa, while Spider Woman controlled the magic of the Below. In the Underworld, abode of the Gods, they dwelt and they were All. There was neither man nor woman, bird nor beast, no living thing until these Two willed it to be.
In time it came to them that there should be other Gods to share their labors. So Tawa divided himself and there came Muiyinwuh, God of All Life Germs; Spider Woman also divide herself so that there was Huzruiwuhti, Woman of the Hard Substances, the Goddess of all hard ornaments of wealth such as coral, turquoise, silver and shell. Huzruiwuhti became the always-bride of Tawa. They were the First Lovers and of their union there came into being those marvelous ones the Magic Twins -- Puukonhoya, the Youth, and Palunhoya, the Echo. As time unrolled there followed Hicanavaiya, Ancient of Six (the Four World Quarters, the Above and Below), Man-Eagle, the Great Plumed Serpent and many others. But Masauwhu, the Death God, did not come of these Two but was bad magic, who appeared only after the making of creatures.
And then it came about that these Two had one Thought and it was a might Thought -- that they would make the Earth to be between the Above and the Below where now lay shimmering only the Endless Waters. So they sat them side by side, swaying their beautiful bronze bodies to the pulsing music of their own great voices, making the First Magic Song, a song of rushing winds and flowing waters, a song of light and sound and life.
"I am Tawa," sang the Sun God. "I am Light. I am Life. I am Father of all that shall ever come."
"I am Kokyanwuhti," the Spider Woman crooned. "I receive Light and nourish Life. I am Mother of all that shall ever come."
"Many strange thoughts are forming in my mind -- beautiful forms of birds to float in the Above, of beasts to move upon the Earth and fish to swim in the Waters," intoned Tawa.
"Now let these things that move in the Though of Tawa appear," chanted Spider Woman, while with her slender fingers she caught up clay from beside her and made the Thoughts of Tawa take form. One by one she shaped them and laid them aside -- but they breathed not nor moved.
"We must do something about this," said Tawa. "It is not good that they lie thus still and quiet. Each thing that has a form must also have a spirit. So now, my beloved, we must make a mighty Magic."
They laid a white blanket over the many figures, a cunningly woven woolen blanket, fleecy as a cloud, and made a mighty incantation over it, and soon the figures stirred and breathed.
"Now, let us make ones like unto you and me, so that they may rule over and enjoy these lesser creatures," sang Tawa, and Spider Woman shaped the Thoughts into woman and man figures like unto their own. But after the blanket magic had been made, the figures remained inert. So Spider Woman gathered them all in her arms and cradled them, while Tawa bent his glowing eyes upon them. The two now sang the magic Song of Life over them, and at last each human figure breathed and lived.
"Now that was a good thing and a mighty thing," said Tawa. "So now all this is finished, and there shall be no new things made by us. Those things we have made shall multiply. I will make a journey across the Above each day to shed my light upon them and return each night to Huzruiwuhti. And now I shall go to turn my blazing shield upon the Endless Waters, so that the Dry Land may appear. And this day will be the first day upon Earth."
"Now I shall lead all these created beings to the land that you shall cause to appear above the waters," said Spider Woman. Then Tawa took down his burnished shield from the turquoise wall of the kiva and swiftly mounted his glorious was to the Above. After Spider Woman had bent her wise, all-seeing eyes upon the thronging creatures about her, she wound her way among them, separating them into groups.
"Thus and thus shall you be and thus shall you remain, each one in her own tribe forever. You are Zunis, you are Kohoninos, you are Pah-Utes..." The Hopis, all, all people were named by Kokyanwuhti then.
Placing her Magic Twins beside her, Spider Woman called all the people to follow where she led. Through all the Four Great Caverns of the Underworld she led them until they finally came to an opening, a sipapu, which led above. This came out at the lowest depth of the Pisisbaiya (the Colorado River) and was the place where the people were to come to gather salt. So lately had the Endless Waters gone down that the Turkey, Koyona, pushing early ahead, dragged its tail feathers in the black mud where the dark bands were to remain forever.
Mourning Dove flew overhead, calling to some to follow, and those who followed where his sharp eyes had spied out springs and built beside them were called "Huwinyamu" after him. So Spider Woman chose a creature to lead each clan to a place to build their house. The Puma, the Snake, the Antelope, the Deer, and other Horn creatures, each led a clan to a place to build their house. Each clan henceforth bore the name of the creature who had led them.
The Spider Woman spoke to them thus: "The woman of the clan shall build the house, and the family name shall descend through her. She shall be house builder and homemaker. She shall mold the jars for the storing of food and water. She shall grind the grain for food and tenderly rear and teach the young. The man of the clan shall build kivas of stone under the ground. In these kivas the man shall make sand pictures as altars. Of colored sand shall he make them, and they shall be called 'ponya.' The man too shall weave the clan blankets with their proper symbols. The man shall fashion himself weapons and furnish his family with game."
Stooping down, she gathered some sand in her hand, letting it run out in a thin, continuous stream. "See the movement of the sand? That is the life that will cause all things therein to grow. The Great Plumed Serpent, Lightning, will rear and strike the earth to fertilize it; Rain Cloud will pour down waters, and Tawa will smile upon it so that green things will spring up to feed my children."
Her eyes now sought the Above where Tawa was descending toward his western kiva in all the glory of red and gold. "I go now, but have no fear, for we Two will be watching over you. Look upon me now, my children, ere I leave. Obey the words I have given you, and all will be well. If you are in need of help, call upon me, and I will send my sons to your aid."
The people gazed wide-eyed upon her shining beauty. Her woven upper garment of soft white wool hung tunic-wise over a blue skirt. On its left side was woven a band bearing the Butterfly and Squash Blossom, in designs of red and yellow and green with bands of black appearing in between. Her neck was hung with heavy necklaces of turquoise, shell and coral, and pendants of the same hung from her ears. Her face was fair, with warm eyes and tender lips, and her form most graceful. Upon her feet were skin boots of gleaming white, and they now turned toward where the sand spun about in whirlpool fashion. She held up her right hand and smiled upon them, then stepped upon the whirling sand. Wonder of wonders, before their eyes the sands seemed to suck her swiftly down until she disappeared entirely from their sight.
Huron
In the beginning there was only one water and the water animals that lived in it.
Then a woman fell from a torn place in the sky. She was a divine woman, full of power. Two loons flying over the water saw her falling. They flew under her, close together, making a pillow for her to sit on.
The loons held her up and cried for help. They could be heard for a long way as they called for other animals to come.
The snapping turtle called all the other animals to aid in saving the divine woman's life.
The animals decided the woman needed earth to live on.
Turtle said, "Dive down in the water and bring up some earth."
So they did that, those animals. A beaver went down. A muskrat went down. Others stayed down too long, and they died.
Each time, Turtle looked inside their mouths when they came up, but there was no earth to be found.
Toad went under the water. He stayed too long, and he nearly died. But when Turtle looked inside Toad's mouth, he found a little earth. The woman took it and put it all around on Turtle's shell. That was the start of the earth.
Dry land grew until it formed a country, then another country, and all the earth.. To this day, Turtle holds up the earth.
Time passed, and the divine woman had twin boys. They were opposites, her sons. One was good, and one was bad. One was born as children are usually born, in a normal way. But the other one broke out of his mother's side, and she died.
When the divine woman was buried, all of the plants needed for life on earth sprang from the ground above her. From her head came the pumpkin vine. Maize came from her chest. Pole beans grew from her legs.
The divine woman's sons grew up. The evil one was Tawis-karong. The good one was Tijus-kaha. They were to prepare the earth so that humans could live on it. But they found they could not live together. And so they separated, with each one taking his own portion of the earth to prepare.
The bad brother, Tawis-karong, made monstrous animals, fierce and terrifying. He made wolves and bears, and snakes of giant size. He made mosquitoes huge, the size of wild turkeys. And he made an enormous toad. It drank up the fresh water that was on the earth. All of it.
The good brother, Tijus-kaha, made proper animals that were of use to human beings. He made the dove, and the mockingbird, and the partridge. And one day, the partridge flew toward the land of Tawis-karong.
"Why do you go there?" Tijus-kaha asked the partridge.
"I go because there is no water. And I hear there is some in your brother's land," said the partridge.
Tijus-kaha didn't believe the bird. So he followed, and finally he came to his evil brother's land. He saw all of the outlandish, giant animals his brother had made. Tijus-kaha didn't beat them down.
And then he saw the giant toad. He cut it open. Out came the earth's fresh water. Tijus-kaha didn't kill any [more] of his brother's creations. But he made them smaller, of normal size so that human beings could be leaders over them.
His mother's spirit came to Tijus-kaha in a dream. She warned him about his evil brother. And sure enough, one day, the two brothers had to come face to face. They decided they could not share the earth. They would have a duel to see who would be master of the world.
Each had to overcome the other with a single weapon. Tijus-kaha, the good, could only be killing if beaten to death with a bag full of corn or beans. The evil brother could be killed only by using the horn of a deer or other wild animal. then the brothers fixed the fighting ground where the battle would begin.
The first turn went to the evil brother, Tawis-karong. He pounded his brother with a bag of beans. He beat him until Tijus-kaha was nearly dead. But not quite. He got his strength back, and he chased Tawis-karong. Now it was his turn.
He beat his evil brother with a deer horn. Finally, Tijus-kaha took his brother's life away. But still the evil brother wasn't completely destroyed. "I have gone to the far west," he said. "All the races of men will follow me to the west when they die."
9.What is Maria Sibylla Merian known as (5 p)?
10. What was the Darien scheme (6 p)?
11.What is the etymology of the following countries:
1.Barbados
2.Croatia
3.Gambia
4.Guatemala
5.Kyrgyzstan
6.Moldova
2 p for each correct answer.
12. The poem below is written by one who resided in a state not known for its love of art. What was the poet's name (2 p). and what state did he reside in (1 p)?
It is beautiful when a brave man of the front ranks
falls and dies, battling for his homeland,
and ghastly when a man flees planted fields and
city
and wanders begging with his dear mother,
aging father, little children and true wife.
He will be scorned in every new village,
reduced to want and loathsome poverty; and shame
will brand his family line, his noble
figure. Derision and disaster will hound him.
A turncoat gets no respect or pity;
so let us battle for our country and freely give
our lives to save our darling children.
Young men, fight shield to shield and never
succumb
to panic or miserable flight,
but steel the heart in your chests with
magnificence
and courage. Forget your own life
when you grapple with the enemy. Never run
and let an old soldier collapse
whose legs have lost their power. It is shocking
when
an old man lies on the front line
before a youth: an old warrior whose head is white
and beard gray, exhaling his strong soul
into the dust, clutching his bloody genitals
in his hands: an abominable vision,
foul to see: his flesh naked. But in a young man
all is beautiful when he still
possesses the shining flower of lovely youth.
Alive he is adored by men,
desired by women, and finest to look upon
when he falls dead in the forward clash.
Let each man spread his legs, rooting them in the ground,
bite his teeth into his lips, and hold.
According to a tradition which authencity is doubtful, the poet was born somewhere else. Where was that (2 p), and what was the reason for that he settled down in this state (2 p)?
13. What connects John Steinbeck, Abbie Hoffman and James Randi (6 p)?
14. What was the Whiskey Rebellion (4 p)?
15. Only one South American nation send organized troops to fight with the Allies in the Second World War. Which nation was that (3 p)?
16. Here is a depiction of a famous ruler.
Who was he, and which country did he rule (3 p)?
And finally, a bonus question:
Why is the original Eau de Cologne named 4711 (3 p)?
