Well, time for answers. Final results first -and
Steph is the winner this time!
Steph - 17,5 points
civ_king - 13,5 points
vogtmurr - 13,5 points
sydhe - 11,5 points
Tabster - 10,2 points
Dragonlord - 10 points
innonimatu - 5 points
Atticus - 5 points
red_elk - 2 points
And now answers:
1.
Pytheas of Massilia and
Thule. 1.3 was quite certainly the hardest question in the quiz - so don't be ashamed nobody got this - though vogtmurr got closest with "island in the Baltic".
The lake on the photograph is actually
a meteorite crater on the island of Saaremaa (Ösel), off west coast of Estonia.
Impact is thought to have occurred in the Holocene Era. In or around 660b.c. ± 85yrs. The impact energy of about 80 TJ (20 kilotons of TNT), is comparable with that of the Hiroshima bomb blast - incinerating forests within a 6 km. radius.[2]
This might have been the place shown to Pytheas where "the Sun went to sleep".
2. The movement -
Victual Brothers. The man -
Klaus Störtebeker
A large number of myths and legends surround the few facts known about Klaus Störtebeker's life. Störtebeker is only a nickname, meaning "empty the mug with one gulp" in Old German. The moniker refers to the pirate's supposed ability to empty a four-litre mug of beer in one gulp.
According to legend, in 1401, a Hamburgian fleet led by Simon of Utrecht caught up with Störtebeker's force near Helgoland. According to some stories, Störtebeker's ship had been disabled by a traitor who cast molten lead into the links of the chain which controlled the ship's rudder. Störtebeker and his crew were ultimately overcome and brought to Hamburg, where they were tried for piracy. Legend says that Störtebeker offered a chain of gold long enough to enclose the whole of Hamburg in exchange for his life and freedom. However, Störtebeker and all of his 73 companions were sentenced to death and were beheaded. The most famous legend of Störtebeker relates to the execution itself. Störtebeker is said to have asked the mayor of Hamburg to release as many of his companions as he could walk past after being beheaded. Following the granting of this request and the subsequent beheading, Störtebeker's body arose and walked past eleven of his men before the executioner tripped him with an out-stretched foot. Nevertheless, the eleven men were executed along with the others. The senate of Hamburg asked the executioner if he was not tired after all this, but he replied he could easily execute the whole of the senate as well. For this, he himself was sentenced to death and executed by the youngest member of the senate.
3. The story behind the superstition is allegedly as follows: during
the Boer War, whenever an Englishman would draw a match to lit his pipe, a number of Scots would gather around him to share the match, thus providing an easy target for Boer sharpshooters....

4.
"Thalia", a book written by
Arius.
5.
Tecumseh, killed in the
Battle of the Thames during
War of 1812 by
Richard M. Johnson, later the ninth Vice President of US. The man who shared his name was naturally
William Tecumseh Sherman.
6. The substance was
porcelain, (re)invented by
Johann Friedrich Böttger
7.
"Misericordia" -a thin-bladed dagger; so called, in the Middle Ages, because used to give the death wound or 'mercy' stroke to a fallen adversary.
8. Excerpt taken from
Cyrus cylinder, issued by
Cyrus the Great.
9. I originally had
Ireland in mind, but it appeared that
Portugal and
Spain were correct answers as well.
10. That is how US citizens who disliked the purchase of
Alaska used to call it.
11. Magellan's slave
Enrique might have actually completed the full circumnavigation first.

12. Henry, in his chronic shortage of money,
faked currency, issuing copper coins just coated with silver. However, silver used to wear off from higher parts of the coin...like Henry's nose on his portrait.

13. The seeds were used as
weights to weigh precious stones. That's where the word "carat" comes from.
14. All these wars ended with
"Treaty of Paris".
15. Why the hell was everyone offering stage curtain to me?

Guys, I hoped better from you.
red_elk was the only one to crack this - quite possibly
every theater or cinema in the world today is using the
Cartesian coordinate system to mark its seats.

16. Full quote sounds like this:
"The whole world is in revolt. Soon there will be only five Kings left - the King of England, the King of Spades, the King of Clubs, the King of Hearts and the King of Diamonds." And I am disappointed that my brilliant reference to the
King of Hearts fell on deaf ears on an English-speaking forum.

17. The man was
Georges d'Anthes, famous for being the person who killed
Aleksandr Pushkin on a duel. And my clue was an excerpt from one of Pushkin's greatest works, Evgeny Onegin.
18. How do you people crack nuts if you don't recognize a simple kitchen utensil?

However, the right answer would have been
castration clamps, used to staunch the flow of blood. Turns out there is an entire God damn article about the thingies here:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1948685. Also, the picture I gave as clue depicted castration of Kronos - but
vogtmurr was the only one to deduce right answer from there.