Trying to avoid at the maximum any political implication, first of all i would call the civilization The Hebrews, with the civilization ability focusing on settling on desert tiles and extra yields to resources like cattle and sheep to simulate a pastoral society, maybe a little faith bonus to desert tiles or extra prophet points to cities on desert to fill the obligatory religion theme.
For a leader, my candidate would be Deborah, with an ability who deal with governors in some gimmick way, inspired by the book of judges.
That approach avoids the big names who could cause problems( David and Solomon), centers around a different gameplay that didn't focus only on having a super religion, and didn't need Jerusalem as the capital either