Make sure you go to the Kunsthistorisches Museum - it's possibly the best in Europe to visit, given both its collections and its layout and manageability. Other than that and the super obvious sights, I don't have any particular Vienna recommendations, but it's a great hub to visit other places. In addition to a day (no more) in Bratislava, Ljubljana (bundle in Bled), Munich, and Budapest are all in reachable distance for either very long day trips, or ideally, a couple of nights each (though you could spend an age in Budapest - and without wanting to typecast, it may be of particular interest to you as a Jewish person). Smaller places also worth visiting within day trip distance are Salzburg, Passau, Berchtesgaden, Melk and Cesky Krumlov.