HELSINKI TIMES
January 15th, 1903.
AN ANNOUNCEMENT FROM THE NEWS OFFICE OF THE FINNISH SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT PARTY:
A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC COUP HAS TAKEN PLACE IN FINLAND!
Receiving German military training, we were able to drive the conservatives out of Helsinki after several battles that lasted from 2nd to 14th of january. We were able to capture king Pauli I and his army leader Mannerheim and place them in prison. Kings right hand Svinhufvud was also imprisoned, but was released as he was found not guilty for crimes against the constitution despite being a conservative leader, he had been in a Siberian prison when king Pauli took over, so he could not be blamed for the anti-democratic coup that took place in 1897. It is now believed that Svinhufvud will continue being the leading conservative politician, fighting against the growing influence of us Social-Democrats. Meanwhile, all social-democrats and other leftist political prisoners have been set free from prisons.
Our plan is to hold parliamentary elections as soon as possible and return Finland to its democratic ways, as it was for a short time during our autonomy in the mid 1890s. Later it shall be democratically decided wether Finland wants to stick to conventional democracy and parliamentarism or try out the new, improved German version of it, called communism.
Announcement signed by:
Väinö Tanner, leader of the Finnish Social-Democrat Party.
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HELSINKI TIMES
March 30th, 1903.
PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN FINLAND IN MARCH 1903
Social-Democrats remains as the biggest party after the elections with 90 seats, but they lost the majority (103 seats they had had the last time when there had been a parliament in Finland, in 1895-96). Conservatives, who have been ruling the country alone since 1897, becomes the biggest rightist party. Perhaps a bit suprisingly, the two biggest parties get less than ¾ of all seats, as a surprisingly big number of small parties make the parliament.
Party name (status on the political field) seat numbers
Social-Democrat Party (leftist, some members communists) 90
Conservative Party (rightist, conservative) 57
Progression Party (central-rightist, liberal, supports cooperation with leftists to unify the nation) 25
Swedish Peoples Party (rightist, officially conservative, some members liberals) 14
Agrarian League (central-leftist agrarian party, liberal) 7
Karelian Alliance (central-leftist, liberal) 5
True Finns (far-rightist, a fascist party) 2
Political group seat numbers
Leftists Parties (socialists) 90
Central Parties (liberals) 37
Rightist Parties (conservatives) 73
ALLTOGETHER: 200
And the new parliament, holding now the highest legislative power, immediately began their legislative work..
VOTING #1: THE VOTING FOR THE TEMPORARY HEAD OF STATE
(This voting took place in the parliament since it is not yet decided wether Finland will become a Democratic Republic, Peoples Republic or an Absolute Monarchy.)
Väinö Tanner, Social-Democrats: 102 votes (Social-Democratic, Agrarian and Karelian party members all gave their vote to Tanner)
P. E. Svinhufvud, Conservatives: 94 votes (all others voted for Svinhufvud)
4 empty votes. Some liberals didnt like either.
As a result, Väinö Tanner has became the Temporary Head of State for Finland, holding the highest executive power.
VOTING #2: THE VOTING FOR THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT FOR FINLAND
Democracy: 101 votes (all central liberal parties and some social-democrats and conservatives supported)
Communism: 57 votes (most social-democrats supported)
Absolute Monarchy: 42 votes (fascists and most conservatives supported)
Since one option (democracy) got the majority of all votes, there is no need for another round, and Finland is declared a democratic republic. First presidental elections are to be held in 1904, and the temporary head of state (i.e. Väinö Tanner of the Social-Democrats, see voting #1) will run the country until then in cooperation with the government that he appoints and which the majority of the parliament has to support.
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HELSINKI TIMES
May 1st 1903
VÄINÖ TANNER GIVES IT TO ALKIO TO FORM A NEW GOVERNMENT
After the election, Tanner appointed Agrarian League, a small central-leftist liberal agrarian party, to form a new government for the nation. And quickly a new, rather leftist government was born, made out of Social-Democrats, Agrarians and Karelians. Prime minister is Santeri Alkio, leader of the Agrarian League, but most ministers of the cabinet are (naturally) social-democrats, including the minister of domestic-, the minister of foreign-, and the minister of economic affairs.
VOTING #3: THE VOTING FOR PARLIAMENTS SUPPORT FOR THE NEW GOVERNMENT
Should the newly-appointed government, led by prime minister Santeri Alkio of the Agrarian League, continue as the government of the nation?
YAY 102 (All members of the government parties, i.e. social-democrats, agrarians and karelians, supported)
NAY 98 (All members of the opposition parties, i.e. all rightist parties, opposed)
Since the government got the support of the majority of the parliament, it may resume their administering as the first government of the Republic of Finland.
***
The new Finnish Constitution of 1903
§1: Finland is a constitutional, democratic republic, with president as the Head of State.
§2: Power in Finland is divided into legislative, executive and judicial power.
§3: Legislative power is held by the 200-seated parliament, selected by the people, and their right is to ratify laws. They can also decide at any time wether or not the current cabinet can continue as the government of the nation. Parliament must ratify presidents decision about declaring war or making a peace before such a decision becomes valid.
§4: Executive power is held by the president, who is also the Head of State, in cooperation with the government: president appoints the prime minister who appoints the cabinet. The cabinet must at all times have the trust of the parliament; if the cabinet does not get at least 101 parliament members (i.e. the majority of the parliament) behind them, then the cabinet must be dissolved. President is not responsible for his actions to the parliament, only his cabinet is. President also has some juidical and legislative powers: he can use his veto-right on laws that the parliament has passed, and he has the right to absolve convicted criminals. He has also the right to dissolve the parliament and hold new parliamentary elections. The cabinet must also dissolve after every parliamentary election. President is the leader of Finnish foreign policy, and can ratify diplomatic agreements in cooperation with the cabinet. Decisions about declaring war or making a peace must be ratified by the parliament as well.
§5: Juidical power is held by courts, who get to select their judges independently.
§6: Parliamentary elections are held every 4 years. President is chosen for a 6-year-term by the people of Finland. If nobody gets a majority of votes in the first round of the presidental elections, the elections go on with fewer candidates until one candidate receives the majority of all votes.
§7: In normal law-making a majority of votes is enough for a law to pass, but in order to change the constitution 5/6 of all votes are required or optionally it can be changed with less votes by two parliaments in the following way: 2/3 of all votes, and then 2/3 of all votes again after parliamentary elections.