You're right. Civ6 is rather strange in that Japan doesn't favor Shinto and neither China nor Korea favor Confucianism...If we get a second Chinese leader, odds are certainly in favor of their being Confucian, though.
True, but it's not really close enough. Just ask literally any of the Prophets.
Isaiah 23, for example, doesn't exactly read, "The Phoenicians are just Jews with a few extra gods," unless "they will be in anguish over the report about Tyre" sounds friendly to you.
Yes. Some Lebanese, especially Maronites, consider themselves descendants of the Phoenicians, but the Phoenician language is no longer spoken there. Dido, voiced by the same voice actress in both Civ5 and Civ6, is for all intents and purposes speaking Israeli Hebrew with some archaic grammar and a couple Phoenicianisms.
To the question could enough real Phoenician be put together to assemble a few lines for Dido, the answer is yes but not easily; even Cleopatra's Middle Egyptian would have been easier. (The real trouble is that there's much less scholarship done on Phoenician than there is on Egyptian. The foremost scholar in Phoenician studies, Charles Krahmalkov, is dead, and his books can be very difficult to get a hold of.)