Story thread/AAR - Mali

Katie88

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I'm a student of history. One of the things that made me fall in love with history is the way it is written. I also love Civ IV, and C2C in particular, so I thought it would be a nice idea to write up a C2C game as if it were in a history book. This means that, like history itself, my story will be rather vague and cautious at the start, gaining certainty and precision as time progresses, especially after the development of writing.

I hope that people enjoy it.

A few notes on the game.

I'm playing on a giant map, at immortal difficulty with 10 opponents. Barbarian civs may emerge as the game progresses.

To make things more interesting I've set myself a few rules.
  1. I must always at least break even, except where this is impossible.
  2. I cannot found a new city unless I am at 100% science (or espionage, culture, etc.) and at least breaking even.
  3. Outside of the prehistoric era, I must research every technology on each line before proceeding to the next.
A Concise History of the Malian People

The Early Prehistoric

It is not known precisely when the people who came to be known as the Malians settled in what would become their homeland, but we do know that there is evidence of human habitation from at least around 200,000 BC. It will be well to begin with a brief description of the physical environment that these first inhabitants encountered.

The region around modern Timbuktu was heavily wooded, with mixed deciduous forest and some bamboo, save for an area immediately to the north that was covered with lush grassland, which provided and still provides pasture for herds of bison.

The region is enclosed by the sea to the east, save for a small peninsular, to the north east and to the south. The former two are quite narrow and the opposite shores can be reached in small boats. To the south east it is possible, on a clear day, to glimpse the Sugarloaf Mountain on the opposite coast; while to the south west lies the open sea.

To the west the forest thins out into savannah before reaching the Manding Mountains, which were impassable to ancient man. The region is bisected by several small rivers.

To the north west the terrain is hilly and forested before one reaches the Adrar des Ifoghas, impassable in parts but traversable at several points; there is also an extensive area of taiga, some wooded, with a rainwater basin. On the northern side of these mountains rainfall is much lower, and grassland gives way to plains. Despite enjoying less precipitation, the region is fertile, and barely, rice, hemp and opium grow plentifully.

Many animals are native to the region, including such predators as the brown bear and the cave lion, now extinct, which must have posed a considerable threat to the primitive humans there. Other creatures, such as deer, buffalo and smaller prey such as rabbits, however, afforded these people an excellent source of game, and mufflon could also be found in abundance.

We now turn to their to lives of the prehistoric people. They lived in small groups, perhaps numbering around 50. They ate a variety of grains, mushrooms and fruits gathered from nearby. They also supplemented their diet with shellfish and seaweed gathered from tidepools, but the sea provided only a small portion of their sustenance until the development of more advanced techniques for fishing. Most of their protein came from scavenged and later hunted animals. These animals would be eaten raw, until around 40,000 BC, when evidence of cooking emerges.

Hunting was carried out in small bands, at first armed with just wooden sticks and clubs, then later with stone weapons; trapping was also practised. Diverse techniques were developed and perfected over millennia until one can speak of hunting tactics, with a veritable arsenal of weapons used to snare all kinds of fauna.

The people lived at first in the open, sheltering as best they could from the elements; later caves, tree hollows and even animal burrows came to occupied by men. Humans gradually learnt to build their own shelters, both to house themselves and for other activities, but permanent structures and settlements were still a very long way off. People moved between areas as needed; when resources became scarce in one, they would move to another.

Their tools evolved in various stages. Originally, man used his own limbs or whatever was close at hand. Then, in one of the most important breakthroughs ever, which truly set him apart from beasts, he learnt to make tools, first of stone, this work becoming ever more sophisticated as time went by – a fascinating story that we shall not tell here due to a lack of space – then of wood, and other materials.

We know little of their social organization, but it must have been anarchic and perhaps egalitarian, for there would not have been the economic differentiation that gives rise to rulers nor indeed any need for it at this stage of development. It is believed that a system of seniority obtained, and we may imagine a council of elders who made important decisions for each group. Discoveries by archaeologists have shown that humans with injuries often survived for some years; thus we may assume that the elderly and infirm were cared for. It is not clear how roles were divided by gender, but we may presume that a limit division of labour existed.

What then of their spiritual life? It is clearly very difficult to reconstruct any detailed picture, but a few observations may be made. Man's spiritual life revolved around natural phenomena: the sun, the moon, the stars, the rivers, trees and plants. Animals too played an important part, and we have evidence of cultic practices involving diverse species, including the badger, lizard, viper and red fox; the eagle and the rhinoceros appear to have had especial significance. Human remains were disposed of haphazardly, and it is only much later that we may speak of ceremonial burial.
 

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This is neat. I get so deep into the innerworkings as a game sometimes that its nice to pull back and get a view more of what the game represents which was really the point in the first place. This is like seeing it from the audience view. Very cool.
 
Thanks, Thunderbird. If you find it useful in some way then that's great.

Without further ado, here's part 2.

The Later Prehistoric

Beginning at around 20,000 BC, a series of developments took place which enabled mankind to advance. This progression was rapid, perhaps even influenced by contact with other groups of humans, and in short order we can observe new technologies such as adhesives and binding being adopted by the Malians. Population increased and human groups could now be counted in the hundreds, naturally leading to an expansion in the areas exploited thereby.

This increased population encouraged the development of new hunting techniques, mentioned in the previous chapter, and also of fishing, for the seas of the region are well stocked with seafood, especially fish and lobster. In turn, this more plentiful food supply allowed for a greater degree of specialization, resulting in rapid technological progress.

At this stage, we begin to see evidence of personal adornment and also of exchange, as one man would barter the products of his labour for those of another. Building techniques advanced, too, and the use of stone in construction is first recorded. Microliths were produced and flint was worked, adding new tools to man's repertory. Another benefit of these new tools was the evolution of wood working. At first driftwood was employed; later bark was used, before finally it was possible for the Malians to exploit the trees from their bountiful forests. Carpentry soon made possible more elaborate constructions, and some simple furniture existed.

Jade and amber are found in large quantities to the west of modern Timbuktu, and the earliest working of these resources must date from very ancient times. At first humans simply collected above ground material and then by dug into the earth in search of more. Such precious stones were used in Malian jewellery, and some must have travelled great distances, reaching even over the sea, though it is too early to speak of organized trade.

It is at this point that the Malians first took to the water, in rafts which were flimsy yet sufficient to navigate the coastline and explore the small islands dotted around, some of which we know to have been inhabited by isolated groups of people. These tentative explorations must have shown the Malians lands which would become so important later.

New animals appear for the first time in our region. Archaeology reveals the presence of game birds, opaki, wolves, which we believe were domesticated by around 8,000 BC, goats, bears of diverse sorts, and even elephants for the first time. It is not known what caused the latter to migrate into Mali proper; some scholars even propose that the Malians led the beasts thither from their natural habitant, hundreds of kilometres to west. However that may be, from around 9,000 BC we find the their remains at the ancient camps. It seems that the horse, too, became known close to the this time, though humans would have to wait a long time before they found a use for it.

While working on the Southern Coast Railway, a group of navvies came across a number of strange objects. These turned out to the bones of long dead warriors, some buried with their weapons. At first it was thought to be a burial ground of some unknown folk, but further investigation revealed that the men interred there had died violent deaths and had been buried in a single act; stranger still, several of the bodies were not homo sapiens but rather neanderthals. The workmen, then, had not stumbled upon a graveyard, but instead a battlefield. We know not who won this exchange, but the victors and the vanquished alike were dumped unceremoniously into the pit afterwards. Do we here see the beginnings of warfare, of armed competition between peoples for space and resources? This author believes so, but the profound social and economic changes that gave rise to this and other milestones await the reader in the next chapter.
 

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What Game Speed did you choose Katie88?
 
Thanks :)
 
The Mesolithic - The Road to Settled Life

The advances detailed in the previous chapter led to profound changes in human society. The anarchic situation that obtained previously, with small independent family units, must have grown insupportable, and new groupings based on tribal affinities developed. Labour was likely now organized on a communal basis, and new structures for decision making and dispute resolution must have arisen.

This new social organization and the rise in population resulted in an expansion of human activity, with people moving into sparely populated or previously unoccupied regions. The coastal route to the west was the natural direction for colonization, and we begin to find there artefacts matching those in Mali proper there from just after 6,000 BC. Later another group crossed the Adrar des Ifoghas and exploited the deposits of fine stone found there, which coincides with an increase in stone structures throughout the Malian cultural area. There is evidence, too, of human settlement on the eastern side of these mountains, which in ancient times boasted considerable deposits of copper.

Around 5,500 BC, we see the first evidence of animals husbandry. The Malians, who used to merely follow nomadic herds, now began to guide and tend to them. They came to practise transhumance, that is, to travel with their flocks between pastures on a seasonal basis. Bison and deer and later sheep and goats were domesticated; poultry were also kept. Rabbits were eaten, especially around modern Kumbi Saleh. Elephants, however, seem to have been confined to the area around Timbuktu, as were horses, at least initially. The Malians used portable shelters and also more permanent structures, which were occupied when the herds were close and then left until the next year, repairs presumably being carried out on arrival. Instead of animals skins and other such primitive garments, people now clad themselves in woollen and leather clothes, and the remains of an ancient tannery have been unearthed at Kaneye.

Hunting and gathering still played an important part in people's diets, and the bones of exotic animals like ostriches, antelope and zebra have been discovered. Fishing grew in importance, and it is at around this time that we begin to see abundant remains of lobster, shrimp, clam and diverse kinds of fish in middens.

It is in this era that men, perhaps having gained a greater appreciation for the hereafter, began to bury their dead ceremonially. In Mali inhumation was universally practised, though this changed in later epochs, as we shall see. We find many tombs from this period, usually simple affairs with modest grave goods; it is likely that families were buried together. Rock art, dated to around 5,000 BC, shows an elaborate burial, probably of a tribal chieftain. His body is borne by several attendants, and the way is lined with followers; overhead flies an eagle and in front walks a rhinoceros, whose significance we can only guess at.

The emergence of the Zulu culture is a question that has long vext scholars. We can do no better than quote The Ancient Zulus, long considered the seminal work on the subject:

...The basic facts are as follows. A new population element appeared in Mali proper some time before 5,000 BC. They brought with them some distinctive stone working practices as well as jewellery and other items of a kind not seen before.

Some scholars have held that these were the results of developments from autochthonous inhabitants; but recent archaeological work makes this view untenable in our opinion. Another theory is that the Zulu were members of an isolated local tribe that became integrated into the Mali but retained a separate identity into historical times. This is supported by the fact that there was no notable difference between the style of life of the two peoples, the Zulus also being transhumant pastoralists who practised inhumation. Finally, the idea that the Zulu were interlopers from beyond the seas has gained traction among researchers. The main evidence for this is the so-called 'Sea People Rock', discovered some 30 years ago on the southern coast, which shows people descending from boats onto the coast. On the other hand, this could equally be a reference to people moving in the other direction, for we know that a settlement of a distinctly Malian character is attested in the Southland dating back to around 4,500 BC.

The debate surrounding the domestication of cattle adds an interesting dimension, and it is to there that we shall now turn...

Perhaps the best evidence of the level of organization achieved at the end of our era is the construction of the Ha`amonga `a Maui near to modern Timbuktu. The monument is composed of three limestone slabs, with deep mortises hewn into the upright stones, weighing some 30-40 tonnes, to support the lintel. It is thought to have been built as the entrance to a chieftain's compound, the remains of which are lost to history.
 

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The Neolithic – Settled Life and Agriculture

The next stage of human development, that of a sedentary lifestyle, came relatively late to our region. It is widely believed that the Incans were the first people to build permanent settlements, while the Malians continued to live as nomads for at least another millennium.

Agriculture is the main prerequisite for settled life. Mali proper has several areas well suited to agriculture, and the forests along Niger river valley were soon removed to make way for arable farming. The river valleys along the southern coast also afford excellent situations for husbandry, and here too savannah and forest made way for crops. The mountainous regions are obviously less promising for agriculture, and stock raising continued to predominate here, and even expanded with the introduction of the pig, except for the flat region between Kumbi Saleh and Gao, where there is good land that was soon cleared and exploited. To the north barely and rice grew wild, and continue to do so in isolated areas, principally in the Sokoto and Kaduna river valleys, and Malian settlers soon moved into these regions.

The settlements that we have unearthed were mostly small in size, with perhaps a hundred souls at most; a number of these settlements would often be grouped close together. The settlements were mostly open, suggesting peaceful conditions, though palisades in the Timbuktu region may point to a different situation there. The houses were built of earth, often in the form of mud bricks, wood and stone, depending on locally available materials, with pisé floors. We sometimes encounter remains of simple furniture. There is little evidence of any town planning, houses being built higgledy piggledy around a central structure, where the chieftain presumably resided, and which may have also performed a religious function. Burials were intramural, except at Djenne where there was a burial ground a few hundred metres from the main settlement, in which the dead were placed under tumuli. Granaries allowed the social surplus to be stored; thus capital was formed for the first time in human history, and upon such foundations a civilization could be built.

Expansion took place across the sea. The remains of a small town have been found just south of the Sugarloaf. The people there grew pistachios, coconuts, potatoes and flax, and also raised cattle. They exploited the fine timber that grows in the region and that later became an important commodity. Some have speculated that southern settlers, the Zulus, came to Mali proper and brought cattle with them, later becoming part of the Malian tribal structure; others argue that Malian settlers went across the sea and founded a new settlement, cattle being introduced into Mali soon after through exchange. We believe the second to be more likely; but whatever the truth of the matter, we know that cattle were introduced into Mali around the time of or soon after the foundation of Walata.

Whereas before the Malians had used stone and wooden vessels to store food and other items, now we begin to find pottery used for this purpose. The first pottery was crude and hand made without decoration. A uniform style seems to have obtained across Mali at around 4,000 BC across, but local variations soon arose. Wheel made pottery would at first impose a certain standardization, but then later allowed the famous regional styles, such as Niani Ware, to emerge and flourish. The invention of pottery was also a boon for we historians, since it means that we can chart its development, since it survives extremely well compared to other artefacts, and easier stratification allow us to establish relative chronologies, though absolute chronologies still elude us in many cases.

The adoption of agriculture of the main mode of life led to other important social, economic and political changes. Although we can see these but dimly, a few words may be said about them. It appears that people retained their tribal identity, but the political organization, especially in the new urban centres, changed to one based on caste. This change must have come about due to the new division of labour occasioned by agriculture. People were divided according to social rank, with priests and warriors at the top, and unfree serfs, tied to the land and owing their masters food rents and services, at the bottom, if we may regard the situation first recorded in historical times, clearly of very ancient origin, as authoritative. It was difficult yet not impossible to move between castes, and we have some examples of men described as 'sons of serfs' signing property transfers or mercantile contracts; and a popular tale, legendary in character but perhaps based on historical truth, tells of a warrior whose family are condemned to serfdom for betraying his chief. Such situations, however, must have been rare.

Exchange too began in earnest, as mining techniques evolved and precious metals, as opposed to merely precious stones, came into use. Silver starts to turn up in finds across Mali. This must have come from the Eastland, where a Malian settlement was founded sometime in the middle of the fourth millennium BC. Although the inhabitants of Tadmekka mined silver and grew apples, potatoes and flax, their main activity was commerce, and the city became a vital entrepôt for goods traded between Mali and Russia, which had a port established to the south near modern Yaroslavl. We begin to see the first land routes between settlements in this era. They must have been very basic, just cleared paths of mud that became impassable in some months of the years, but they allowed goods and people to travel more easily, and after around 3,500 BC we find a tremendous increase in the number of non-local products appearing in settlements.

Around this time, though we cannot be sure precisely when, the people of the Gao region erected a remarkable structure: Göbekli Tepe. It is composed of approximately 200 pillars, weighing up to 20 tonnes, arranged in roughly 20 circles, fitted into sockets hewn into the bedrock. It must have taken hundreds of workers a considerable time to build the site, and it may be the work of more than one generation. It is believed to have been a religious site, since it is some distance from any known ancient settlement; and the enigmatic pictogrammes, which cannot be deciphered but have certain similarities to others found at ancient cult sites, and animals reliefs of the most diverse sorts give further support to this view. Recently, some human skulls with incisions have been discovered at the site, which may well change our understanding of the cult practices there. Such a discussion, however, is beyond the scope of this work. In later times the complex was carefully backfilled, but we do not know why, and history provides no clue. Much work remains to be done on the site, and perhaps this incredible monument will one day reveal more of its secrets to us.

The adoption of agriculture as the main mode of life caused profound cultural changes, as we have already remarked. In the Kumbi Saleh region, however, being ill-suited to agriculture, except for the lush plateaux between it and Gao, pastoralism remained dominant, and the region's culture therefore diverged from much of the rest of Mali. We first hear of them as the Maasai, and there is no reason to believe that this name was not used from our period. In historical times they had a reputation as cattle rustlers and fearsome warriors, and later governments sometimes struggled to control them. Their culture was strongly patriarchal and remains so into the present day. They rejected burial, preferring to leave the bodies of the dead out for scavengers, on sky platforms set up on certain hills.
 

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Trade and Copper – The Chalcolithic Part I

We treated of the increase in exchange, mostly in the form of barter, in the last chapter. From around 3,000 BC we see evidence that the economic system was becoming one based on trade between cities and peoples. Mali, with its varied regions, had diverse products to offer, and the surrounding lands, too, could provide goods not found in Mali. Markets and bazaars soon appeared in all Malian cities, and the increase in wealth was a major spur to further development; cities were enriched, and pioneers went out in search of new lands to exploit.

Malian settlers went west this time rather than crossing the sea. The fertile plains surrounding the Bani River and Lake Débo were colonized and a settlement was established between the coastal mountain ranges along the Baloué River, where pigs are found in abundance, and obsidian and salt can be obtained in the hills. The island of Tekadda, which controls the straits between the Eastland and Southland and whose forests teem with deer, was peopled by Malian settlers. This settlement activity obviously displaced the existing peoples of these regions, including the Neanderthals. The latter were not, however, wiped out but rather pushed back into areas of little interest to Malian farmers and herders, such as the lands bordering the Manding Mountains and the forests north of Niani. We find references to 'mountain men' and 'wild men of the forests' in historical times, before the land hunger of the Malians finally led to their demise.

Urban centres began to grow in both size and complexity. We now see settlements containing thousands of souls, and we may say with some confidence that Timbuktu had around 20,000 inhabitants by 3,000 BC. These cities, for now we may properly call them such, brought many advantages, among them the much increased specialization of labour, allowing for rapid technological progress to be made and an increase in capital formation; but the sheer number of people living so close together presented problems, too. Among these was sanitation: the disposal of rubbish and human waste in a village of 200 necessarily differs greatly from that in a city of 20,000, and new methods had to be adopted. We know of outhouses, laundry huts and sweat lodges, and also healers who worked among the population. The dead were now interred in burial grounds or left on sky platforms, as in Kumbi Saleh. These measures, however, were often insufficient, as this passage from A Month in Timbuktu, written by a Russian traveller in about 1,800 BC, tells us.

...One must always wear good shoes in Timbuktu, for the streets are caked in filth, both animal and human, and rubbish is to be found strewn in every conceivable place, and even in some which are frankly inconceivable. One may chance upon a beggar lying dead in the street, and nobody bats an eyelid; at most someone will remark that the poor unfortunate ought to be removed, and there he will continue to lie for at least a few days before the rot and stench cause the locals to bestir themselves...

Other problems, such as banditry and criminality, also intensified. Some scholars speculate that the increase in fortifications, outposts, watchtowers, and earthen walls around settlements seen during this era was a response to brigands rather than external enemies, who seem to be largely absent in our period. Still, the valleys and forests of Mali afforded ample opportunities for bandits to ambush the unprepared, and constant vigilance must have been required to keep the roads safe for trade and travel. Thieves and pickpockets operated in the cities. Miscreants were dealt with harshly, with punishments such as public stoning and crucifixion.

At some point in or around 2,800 BC, a fundamental change began to take place in government. The new cities, instead of simply obeying a chieftain, now began to take their government into their own hands. The chief was not abolished as such, for he still retained his traditional authority over his tribe; rather, he now divided power with the body of men who took decisions regarding each city. Naturally this enhanced freedom of action benefited the new city states, and we can probably attribute to it some of the increase in culture and wealth witnessed at this time. It is likely that these governments were similar to those in power in historical times, about which we shall have more to say in subsequent chapters.

The stone age came to an end in Mali at around 2,500 BC. Copper is found in quantity near Gao, and also to the north west of Niani. It had been used raw for some time, with little chunks acting as currency of sorts, but now it came to be smelted down to be worked into a variety of items for human use. Copper was used for military purposes, such as for axes and arrowheads, as well as for items of personal adornment and tools. Forges for their manufacture start to appear all over Mali, and, slowly but surely, stone tools begin to be phased out.

In the Southland, the cultural divergence seen in other parts of Mali accelerated, until we may properly speak of a new culture having emerged. The Kongolese, as they came to be known, were famous for their wood products, of which only very few have survived due to their perishable nature, made from the prime timber found in the region, and also for their ostentatious clothing.

It is widely believed that Djenne led the way in Malian burial culture, so it is no surprise that its citizens built a quite remarkable mortuary sometime after 2,500 BC. Serpent Mound is 411 metres long and 1 m high, with winding coils that give it a snakelike appearance. It contains numerous graves spread over several centuries. Some scholars also assign an astrological function to the monument, but this is controversial.
 

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I haven.t spread roads everywhere yet, but they are in every city/town hex at this early stage.
Another good write-up.
 
...One must always wear good shoes in Timbuktu, for the streets are caked in filth, both animal and human, and rubbish is to be found strewn in every conceivable place, and even in some which are frankly inconceivable. One may chance upon a beggar lying dead in the street, and nobody bats an eyelid; at most someone will remark that the poor unfortunate ought to be removed, and there he will continue to lie for at least a few days before the rot and stench cause the locals to bestir themselves...
Great writing!
 
I'm enjoying this series; thanks for writing it.

I've learned more history from C2C than from all my years in school.
 
I'm enjoying this series; thanks for writing it.

I've learned more history from C2C than from all my years in school.
I'll have to share that with my high school history teacher. Na na!

This is a great writeup though, I completely agree with you there.
 
This reminds me of my long time as an active member on the Stories & Tales subforum of Civ IV. It all started like this, a thread about an After Action Report, in that case an Interactive After Action Report, in the main forum for Rhye's and Falls of Civilization modmod Dawn of Civilization that was suggested to be moved to the Stories & Tales subforum.

I could say the same, this should go there, but from what I remember of what passes there, it's pretty empty and forgotten. I agree with Hydro that things like this could at least be located in C2C's Multiplayer and LPs subforum, so they're still in the C2C's forum but not in the main. Nothing against this, I love AARs and IAARs, I wish I had the time to read them and even participate as I used to do, but if more like this starts to pop (and they usually do), then they will take space from other threads about the mod's development. And the Multiplayer and LPs subforum could use more activity. Recently a few attempts are made and go silent for a long time in LPs, and our main MPs are all almost just a bunch of "Turn Passed, Next is on".

I'll try to find some time to read this, as it seems promising. It's great to see a story about C2C! Good Job Katie88
 
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