Why is there a lack of political capital?
Is it because there is not enough pressure on the representatives by the voters to care?
Why don't the bulk of the voters care?
Is it because those who do care haven't done a good enough job motivating the rest of the populace to want more from the space program?
Yes and no. It's true that the voters don't care, but the reasons for that are as circumstantial as anything. What issues
do the voters care about, for example?
It was easier in the '60s and directly after Sputnik, when the red scare was in full-swing, because NASA had a mission statement that directly plugged into an overarching political dialogue. Winning the arms race became winning the space race became NASA swallowing 5% of the federal budget in a year. It had very little to do with NASA going to public schools and talking to the kids about the planets, and even less to do with "convincing" the public of anything. It was a matter of national defense.
Nowadays we have different concerns, and very few of them relate to space - and even military concerns are dwindling somewhat. Voters are worried about the economy (despite not understanding it), and they're worried about immigration and gays marrying and fetuses being razor-bladed.
I'll be the first to admit that NASA got its start because of rivalry with the USSR, and that without a rivalry like that we probably won't ever see a resurgence in its value. But even back then, NASA's success depended on political circumstance, and the perceived reality of the reds watching us from space was chilling. I'm not sure if they could have done anything to screw up the sweet deal that Congress was cutting them. Likewise, there's nothing they can do now to get that money back; if landing a rover on Mars -
Mars, for chrissakes - doesn't get people excited, well, that's the way the cookie crumbles.
Or is it simply that in the forest of competing special interest groups for the federal dole, the space cadets are simply too few in number to warrant a larger slice of the fiscal pie?
There are plenty of pro-space people in the USA, but the politics just don't care about them. That's all there is to it, really.
If the taxpayer doesn't have a "frame of reference", why not?
I can't pin it on anything specifically, but a lack of education and persistent misinformation by the media do wonders.
Could it be because those who have such a frame are not effectively reaching out to the remaining voters?
I guess, but this applies to all specialties, not just NASA. There are loads of economists who understand why libertarian proposals are garbage, for example, but they aren't the ones getting the message out there that they are. Entrenched political interests can do that quite handily
for them. Likewise, it isn't generals who are constantly reminding us that we need a big, expensive army/air force/navy; it is
politicians.
If the average citizen believes twenty percent of the budget goes to NASA (I would love to see the source of that tidbit),
Eat your heart out.
then I recommend that NASA or their fan club get on the stick correcting that perception.
Cuz if you let those with the power to change things remain in ignorance, you get what you deserve.
Hey, we're trying. There's only so much you can do when organizations like Fox News hire pseudo-experts to come on the morning show to talk about everything from mundane garbage to regressive trash. And people watch it. Oh, do they watch it.
e: I'll take it one step further and point out that the act of informing people is a costly endeavor. NASA rakes in about 0.5% of the federal budget, so about $17 billion/year. With this money it has to manage dozens of labs and facilities and do the space missions that get it good press. Whatever is left over, after all that, I guess is what goes to getting the word out. Non-NASA space groups don't earn close to as much as NASA so we'll leave them unsaid, because
News Corp, an organization dedicated
entirely to putting thoughts into people's brains, makes $33 billion/year. That's twice what NASA gets. NASA simply can't compete with that volume of information.