6th century: Dacia Justinianus
One of the very first occurrences of the three official colours of today dates back to the Novella XI, issued on April 14, 535 by Emperor Justinian I. Among other things, it describes what was called "Justinian Dacia" (Banat and part of Oltenia) at the time, and contains a coat of arms for it.
"Ex parte dextra, in prima divisione, scutum rubrum, in cuius medis videtur turris, significans utramque Daciam, in secunda divisione, scutum coelesti, cum (signum) tribus Burris, quarum duae e lateribus albae sunt, media vero aurea."
Translation: "On the right, in the first section, a red shield, on which towers can be seen, signifying the other Dacia, in the second section, a blue-sky shield, with the ensigns of the Bur tribe, the sides are white, and golden in the middle."
9th-19th centuries
The three official colours were encountered again after the IX-th century, when the Romanian people is considered to have formed. The colours made various appearances in the flags of the various Romanian principalities and noble houses, as chosen by rulers or nobility.
While the three colours were only used together coincidentally, it is a fact that each of them, by itself, held very important significance in the three historical provinces of Romania.
The principality of Moldova used a red flag almost continuously starting from the XIV-th century. Similarly, Muntenia (or Ţara Românească

used flags which contained yellow or white starting with the XVI-th century. And while Romanians in Transylvania were not allowed to use a flag due to systematic oppression (see Unio Trium Nationum,1438), the Romanian noble families used sky-blue exclusively as the shield colour for their coats of arms.
1600: the first unification
In 1600, prince Michael the Brave briefly managed to unite all three principalities, a historical feat which inspired many of the following nationalistic movements. As ruler of Wallachia and Transylvania, he managed to defeat the Moldovan army on May 18, 1600, and effectively united for the first time the three parts of today's Romania.
This state of affairs didn't last long due to the instability of the region which culminated with the assassination of Michael the Brave in 1601. Still, the three colours were used during 1599-1601 on diplomas issued by Michael's administration as a sign of appreciation to the various nobles who supported him. Over 20 diplomas have been recovered, which contain the three colours together on the crests and shields.
1821: the Anti-phanariotes revolution
During the anti-phanariotes revolution of 1821, the three colours were displayed together on the flag used by Tudor Vladimirescu, the leader of the Wallachian uprising. While the main colour of the flag was white, the hoist had three sets of tassels, combining the red, blue and yellow colours two by two.
1834: the first flag
The first official acknowledgement of the three colours together on the flag took place in 1834, during the ruling of Dimitrie Ghica, when the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire approved the adoption of a flag[7] with the three colours placed horizontally (with blue at the bottom) and an eagle holding a crown and sceptre on yellow, for the use of all Romanian commercial and military units and ships.
This was the first official union of the three colours, and while it didn't hold a nationalistic meaning at the time, it was later taken as a symbol for the following nationalistic movements.
1848: the revolution
During the Revolutions of 1848, the newly formed Romanian Government stated in its Decree no. 1, from June 14, 1848, and later detailed in Decree no. 252, July 13, 1848, that the official flag was to be composed of three colours: "dark blue, light yellow and crimson red". The flag had vertical colours with blue at the hoist, and bore the inscription "Justice, Fraternity".
Horizontal colours had been used that same year at the National Assemblies at Blaj, on the Field of Liberty, on April 26. The Romanians there used white instead of yellow -- supposedly in solidarity with other European revolutionaries, such as the French and the Hungarians, who also used white for their flags -- and the inscription "Virtus Romana Rediviva" (Roman virtue reborn). Eventually, however, all Romanian flags reverted to the yellow colour.
1859: the Small Unification
The national flag is once again ratified in 1859, when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as ruler in both Moldova and Ţara Românească in a surprise consensus of the Romanians in both.
This flag, used from 1859 to 1866, had once again the colours placed horizontally, with blue at the bottom.
1867: Principality of Romania and Kingdom of Romania
The placement was changed back to vertical in 1867, with the arrival of Carol I as the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947). It has remained in this form ever since, with the blue colour at the hoist. The blue shade was somehow lighter, until 1948 when it got darker, as it is today.
1948: the Communist state
In 1948, the Communist regime (1947–1989) replaced the former coat of arms (composed of traditional Romanian heraldic elements) with a new one, of Soviet influence. It consisted of a scene surrounded by sheaves of wheat wrapped with a ribbon of the national colours having the letters RPR (Romanian People's Republic) emblazoned on it. The scene depicts Romania's mineral wealth (the oil derrick, the forests, mountains) basking in the glow of the sun.
The red star at the top of the coat of arms symbolizes Socialism and was added in September 1952.
A third version, seen here, was adopted on August 21, 1965. The letters RPR were replaced on the main part of the scroll with ROMÂNIA, and on the left and right parts of the scroll the words REPUBLICA and SOCIALISTĂ were added, so that the inscription now read "Socialist Republic of Romania".
During this time period the Soviet propaganda promoted a fictive meaning of the flag colours. School children were taught that red stands for the blood of the fallen heroes, yellow for the crop fields and blue for the sky. The colours were also constantly mentioned in reverse order (red, yellow, blue) although the flag never actually changed. This order and the fictive meaning were even mentioned in the national anthem of that time.
1989: the revolution
The Communist coat of arms was eliminated during the days of the 1989 revolution, when protesters on the streets of Timişoara and Bucharest waved flags with a round hole cut in the middle.
A few days later, on December 27, 1989, the provisional government decided informally not to incorporate a new coat of arms into the official flag. The flag has maintained that form ever since.