The position of Emperor of Russia was established with the unification of Moscowy and Novgorod in 1852, bringing in as well the Kingdom of Kiev and the lands of the Cossacks. Initially, the government was very decentralized, with the nobles retaining much of the power over their lands, as they had been the major forces behind unification in both kingdoms. However, the Emperor slowly accumulated more and more power. The joining of the crowns on Novgorod and Moscowy in the 1860s allowed the monarchs to exert greater control because the royal family then controlled more land and more people directly. This was aided by not only eroding the existing power of the nobles, but in granting lands and titles to those supportive of the crown, such as the Reznov family being granted the title Count of Riga after the area was incorporated into the Empire from Scandinavia. Riga quickly became the major shipping and trading hub for the young nation, giving the Reznovs (distant cousins to the Emperor at the time) much greater power than other nobles of similar rank. Other individual nobles (and at times entire families) who had been shunned or shamed by their peers were raised up by the Emperor in seemingly fortuitous incidents, such as case of the Orlovs.
Stas Orlov was a minor noble who had been a childhood companion of Emperor Constantine II. He had been ostracized for impregnating Svetlana Filipov, the sixteen year old daughter of Feodor Filipov, Duke of Odessa. At the time, Kiev's inclusion to the Empire was still not entirely willing and action had to be taken to appease the outraged Duke. The Emperor gave to Orlov a large tract of seemingly useless land east of the Urals, to which he was told to go to and never return to court. Svetlana, despite her father's wishes, stoically joined Stas, with the two being privately wed prior to the start of their trip. Near the edge of the Empire, Stas built up a small town which became known as Orlovka. The town subsisted on little more than meager trade that supplied the nearby army outpost until five years later when the Emperor decreed that a major railroad be built to supply the new push east, which just so happened (upon the Emperor's insistence) to pass straight through Orlovka. Overnight the sleepy border town became a booming trade hub and major stop on the Imperial Railroad. Though it has since diminished in importance, it continues to serve as a major Army center, with one of the main Imperial training camps, and was one of the main supply and logistic centers for the Georgian front in the Great War and later in the annexation of Azerbaijan. Though not always so dramatic, it is common for those noble families that have little more than their name and unwavering devotion to the Emperor to see their faith rewarded, usually at the expense of those who were not so loyal.
The fortunes of families rise and fall upon their position within the Empire, politically, economically, and geographically. In general, the older noble families centered around main cities of Moscow, Novgorod, Kiev, and Odessa have the most power, with those in the other western cities such as Riga, Sevastopol, and Tallinn also exercising significant power. In the east, cities such as Konstantinya and Novaya Britaniya also sport large and powerful noble families, due to their strategic locations on the Ob River and Pacific coastline, respectively.
The dawn of the 20th century saw the Emperor wielding almost total control over the government. The power of the nobles had been reduced to that of local administrators to their respective regions. At the top, Dukes and Duchess (Gertsog/Gertsoginya) oversee the provinces, generally based out of the provincial capital. Below them, Counts and Countesses (Graf/Grafinya) control the major cities and towns and their environs. The title of Viscount/Viscountess (Vikont/Vikontessa) is generally given to the eldest heir of a Count and Countess and serves as a sign that the holder is set to inherit that title e.g. the Viscount of Riga, after his father's death, would become the Count of Riga. However, the title can also be given to the holder of a medium sized settlement, generally in the eastern regions. This stems from the time of expansion, when many new towns and cities were established and given to middle or younger children of noble families, who retained their lower title rather than becoming full Counts due to the smaller initial size of the cities in the east. The final title is that of Baron or Baroness (Baron/Baronessa), denoting the holder of a small town or village, as well as the younger children of noble families with no actual holdings.
Nobles are charged with ensuring that the Emperor's laws are upheld, taxes are collected on time, that their subjects are provided for in times of want and that their realm is able to defend itself in times of war. In the past, this meant the raising of levies of peasants with little to no training or equipment. Today, that means ensuring the fighting status of the Provincial Guards. First established during the Great War, the Provincial Guards were originally conscript brigades formed around veteran regulars. This tradition has continued, with the Provincial Guard serving as body guards for the local nobles and peacekeepers in the more remote regions. They monitor the provinces and report back to both the local lord and the Emperor, via Army Command In times of war, they become not only the first line of defense against invasion, but also the training cadre for any conscripts from that province prior to said conscripts entering the Russian Army. This allows the new recruits to have limited training before being thrown into the rigors of the Russian military, increasing their survivability not only in combat, but in the training itself. These crash courses involve basic drill procedures, rifle handling, rudimentary navigation and map reading, and, in more remote areas, operation of a motor vehicle. Conducted only if conscription has been issued (or prior to large recruiting drives by the word of the Emperor), these 2-3 week courses make transition into military life much more easier for recruits. They arose after it was found during the Great War that many soldiers being sent to the front did not even know how to properly place a latrine, let alone handle a rifle or throw a grenade. As servants of not only the local noble, but also the Emperor himself, Provincial Guards can exercise a good deal of influence in their areas. It also allows the Russian Army to retain older troops or those wishing to leave the military at a reduced cost.
These facts are important to note because they play a major role in how Russia is run. As the head of state, the Emperor holds the power to declare war, impose martial law, raise or lower taxes and is the titular head of the military. Emperor Nicholas I took an active role in the running of the military, even visiting the front during the Great War, whereas his brother, the current Emperor Mikhail, allows his generals and admirals to go about their business with only minor interference. In general, the eldest son inherits his father's title, though in some instances, it has been a daughter who has done so. Katarina Pasternak, Countess of Sevastopol, inherited her father's title when he passed away with her as his only child. Scoffed by other (mostly male) nobles, she has made sure that the shipyards in her home city are the best on the Black Sea and second in Russia behind only Riga. She remains a major naval mind in Russia, constantly pushing for better and more modern ships, even having helped to personally lay down the keel of the King Juan battleship Nicholas, the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, shortly after coming into her title. Her son Vasily currently serves as a Captain in the Russian Navy.
Early on in the history of the Empire, it was decreed that nobles could not break apart their fiefs upon death. This means that titles are static, with new ones being created only upon the adding of more territory to the Empire or the bestowing of previously untitled (parts of Siberia, Poland, Prussia) or Crown land (certain mining towns in the Urals, forests in the east) to a particular noble, thus creating a new holding. Therefore, the nobles are often the most warlike portions of the population, hoping to expand their own influence and holdings. With the main titles being generally bestowed upon eldest child, middle and younger children and those of lesser lords must turn to other means of advancing themselves. After attending university, many enter the Imperial government, serving as clerks, administrators, ambassadors and ministers. Others join the military, where they receive further education in the martial field. Those that are found to be less skilled than desired in the ways of war are relegated to desk duties, serving as aide de camps or occasionally as commanders of remote postings of the Provincial Guard. Other children turn to religion, becoming priests, monks or nuns, though this is a less common occurrence than in the days of yore. Most noble children not slated for an inherited title will take a portion of their family's wealth and turn to business. The booming Novgorod Stock Exchange allows those with money to expand their wealth and with Russian trade being highly important in Europe, even the most disinclined businessmen can turn a profit selling to European markets, though the recent downturn will surely have a negative effect in that regard.
The Poles maintain a unique standing in the United Russian Empire. Due to their continued rebellion, they have been singled out among the recently acquired lands for a near total military occupation. A strike curfew prevents covert meetings at night, though they continue in places. As Catholics in a majority Orthodox nation, their right to worship is not impinged, though rumors of Catholic priests acting as provocateurs in Poland do not help matters. In a similar position are the Jews of Russia. Living in small communities orbiting around the main cities of Russia, the Jews continue to be treated as a lesser race, as they have for centuries, look upon with suspicion and anger. Though these feelings have lessened over time (with the government and nobles choosing to blame Proletarists, Germans and the British for the woes of the nation), the common Russian continues to view the Jew with distrust at best and hatred at worst.
Commoners in Russia live in varying degrees of modernity. Those residing in and around the major cities enjoy the pleasures of radio, automobiles and even airplane flights. They wear modern dress, living in houses or apartments with indoor plumbing and electricity and working jobs not dissimilar to those of the average European. In the vast farmlands of central Russia, however, the Russian peasant lives much as his ancestors did, farming the same land his family has for generations. Modern farms in the Ukraine produce the grain that feeds much of Europe, but in the more remote regions, subsistence farming is not uncommon. Though crime can be high in certain areas, fear of the swift and brutal retribution doled out by the Imperial Court of Justice keeps many honest. A life sentence to a work camp in Siberia is a powerful deterrent. Constantly keeping watch is the Emperor's Hand. Formed during the Great War as a Special Brigade to deal with the most stubborn of the Empire's enemies, the Emperor's Hand have taken on an additional role of suppressing revolt and rebellion at home. Masters of intelligence gathering, infiltration and assassination, they're expertise is used not only in Russia, but in nations around the world seeking to end internal strife.