I would be unhappy if they included Israel / the Hebrews over any other civ. Most of the history is taken from a single set of texts, and is heavily biased.
However:
The Hebrews:
Leader: David
UA: Promised Land: Cities of the same religion as your state religion (you must have founded it) may defect to you (more likely the closer to the capital). Religious buildings increase happiness by 1. Chance that your country will re appear even if it is destroyed by conquest.
UU: Maccabees: +20% attack strength in areas recently taken over by your enemies (20 turns)
UB: Synagogue (temple): +2 culture, in addition to faith bonus of normal.
I disagree with you about the importance of the Hebrews. They were an important part of the ancient world, and interacted with many of the great powers (Egypt, Persia, the Hittites, Phoenicians, etc). There are many aspects of the Bible that archaeological evidence has shown to be accurate (feel free to differ about the Garden of Eden story in Genesis of course, but that's a separate matter). Furthermore, they would have really fit the
Gods and Kings theme, and I think many people have been looking forward to seeing them in Civ. Now that the Polynesians and Austria are in (civs people have been requesting for a while), I think there's a slightly higher chance Hebrews will be in as DLC at least (though I don't think Israel, the modern country, will be in, due to controversy).
I don't know why Firaxis has been so reluctant to add the ancient Hebrews in. They were important in springing up tenets of three of the world's great religions, are recognized on the dome of the Library of Congress as important in world history, and furthermore, their inclusion wouldn't stir controversy since "Hebrews" is not equal to "modern Israel around whom Palestinian conflict is stirred."
I do like your idea of religious buildings adding extra happiness, and while the "resurrection of civ" idea is cool, I don't think it would be balanced (though Korea in their scenario had a similar ability). Maybe the Hebrews require less faith to unlock beliefs, and/or generate Great Prophets faster? Maybe they don't need to pay faith to build faith buildings like the Cathedral, Synagogue, etc? Faster construction for religious/cultural buildings?
I think
Maccabees maybe having extra strength within enemy borders, or extra healing (!) would represent their zealous revolt rather well. A yeshiva could increase culture and science, a synagogue culture and happiness along with faith, perhaps (and wouldn't require faith to build, unlike other religious buildings).
Also, I would like to see
King David or
Moses speaking Hebrew in Civ V. That would be awesome. You could have this music for the Hebrews' main theme:
Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego--Israel Sad, but hopeful. Represents the plight of the ancient Hebrews in Egypt and Judea. Not sure how ancient the music is, but it sounds like what I imagine the ancient Hebrews might have played.