New Bulgarian Tsar: Peter VII
- Tsar Peter VII
- Nikolaos Kaklamanis, Greek Historian, Writer and Philosopher living in Paris. The following is an article publicized in Paris, to inform French citizens of the situation in the Bulgarian Empire.
Tsar Boris III died five weeks ago from a long time stomach illness, at the age of 67. On the Bulgarian Throne ascended his son Michael II, who was only 3 years old. All other sons of Boris III had been executed, because Boris wanted Michael to succeed him. So, Michael's mother, the 27 years old Greek Tsarina Maria, was appointed regent. The cousin of the dead Tsar, Peter, however, did not accept this arrangement and supported by the army, he led 40,000 soldiers from Minor Asia on to Tsarograd. The support Peter got from the army came from the fact that he was a General of the Bulgarian army and had personally led the Bulgarian army in it's conquest of Anatolia.
The Patriarch Anthimos excommunicated Maria and gave his support to Peter. Maria send soldiers to arrest the Patriarch, but the mob of Tsarograd assaulted the soldiers and forced them to retreat, allowing the elderly Patriarch to escape to Thessaloniki and organize a revolt against Maria. 50,000 Bulgarian soldiers stationed in the Balkans rose up in revolt and headed on to Tsarograd. So, 40,000 Bulgarian soldiers from Minor Asia and 50,000 from the Balkans, a total of 90,000 men, headed for the Bulgarian capital.
Once both armies arrived outside the city, which was protected only by 10,000 soldiers, the Patriarch Anthimos and Peter met to discuss about the future of the Empire. The two of them agreed to besiege Tsarograd. So, for two weeks, Peter and Anthimos laid siege on the Bulgarian Capital. The mob of Tsarograd was very hostile to Maria, because of it's faith to Patriarch Anthimos and the Orthodox Priests in the City refused to elect a new Patriarch, despite pressure and threats from Maria.
Maria, seeing that the situation was getting worse and worse, made an offer to Peter: she would allow Peter to become Tsar of Bulgaria if he agreed to marry her and did not harm her son. Peter agreed. When the gates of Tsarograd opened, Peter had his soldiers to massacre more than 7,000 of the 10,000 Bulgarian soldiers that had fought on Maria's side and also massacred all officials that had supported Maria. He then married the young Greek Tsarina and adopted Michael as his son. So, Peter became Tsar and took the dynastic title Peter VII.
Hellenization of the Bulgarian Empire
- Tsarina Maria
- Nikolaos Kaklamanis, Greek Historian, Writer and Philosopher living in Paris. The following is an article publicized in Paris, with the intention of analyzing the Hellenization of the Bulgarian Empire.
Tsarina Maria, being a young and very beautiful woman, seems to have managed to make Tsar Peter, who is 43 years old, to fall very much in love with her. Peter has given Maria much political power and consults her every time he makes a decision. Maria, being a Greek, pursues an agenda of Hellenizing the Bulgarian Empire. However, this would have been impossible if the Greeks did not already have a high status in the Empire. In the following article, I shall analyze the reasons for the Hellenization of the Bulgarian Empire.
Firstly, one needs to look at the population of the Empire. Much of Greece, Macedonia, Tsarograd, Minor Asia and even Southern Bulgaria is dominated by ethnic Greek populations, and the Greeks form the largest ethnicity of the Empire (the Bulgarians are second). The reason for this is that those areas had been part of the Byzantine Empire for almost 1,000 years before their conquest by Bulgaria. When the Bulgarians conquered Byzantium, they were not able to replace the Greek population with the Bulgarian. Neither were they able to Bulgarize the Greek population, as the majority of Greeks had a higher educational level than the average Bulgarian.
In the first centuries of the Bulgarian Empire (15th - 16th), the Bulgarians discriminated against the Greeks and treated them as lower class citizens, in order to avoid their assimilation by the Greeks. However, Bulgarian Tsars in the later half of the 16th Century and in the 17th century started giving more and more right to the Greeks. In 1576, Greeks were given the same rights as the Bulgarians. In 1625, Greeks were drafted in the army and soon became the majority. In 1643, a Greek named Alexandros Kolokotronis became Chancellor of Bulgaria.
All the while, Bulgarian Nobles adopted the Greek Language, because they considered it the language of the educated while Bulgarian the language of the peasants. So, in 1689 Greek became the official language of the Empire, along with the Bulgarian. In 1701, Greek became the only official language.
Of course, the Empire is called Bulgarian, the Tsar is Bulgarian and the Bulgarians Nobles, even thought they speak Greek, still consider themselves as Bulgarians. However, Tsarina Maria wants to change this. She wants to use the love of Tsar Peter for her to transform the Bulgarian Empire to a Greek one. If she wants to do that, she may not find much opposition except for a few Nobles, who do not hold much power. The Bulgarian Empire is already Hellenic in all but name.