Playing a game in 3-20b as Portugal and just wanted to give some impressions of balance changes from the last couple of patches.
Playing Communitas/Large(12 Civs; 24 CSs)/Epic/Emperor/Research Agreements (ON)/Tech Trading/Brokering (OFF)/ Events (OFF)
First off, my game as Portugal has been very unlike most of my experiences with VP games over the last year. For starters, I am about half-way through the game (Renaissance era) and I have been in ZERO wars despite being on Emperor difficulty and being neighbors with England, Japan, Spain, and Rome. England has been warring with and bullying all of the other Civs on our continent, but for some reason has maintained friendly relations with me all game, even though my military strength has been average at best. England ended up conquering all of Arabia and parts of Japan and Spain, but they've been put in check by Morocco (yes, almost all of Portugal's historical allies/enemies ended up in this game via chance) who has been the world leader in military might and overall score save for me and England. On the other continent I discovered Venice, Songhai, the Netherlands, Sweden, and India, and shockingly INDIA of all Civs was kicking all of its neighbors asses, having conquered half of Sweden.
Yes, a very strange game.
Also, I ran into my first instance of Unhappiness uprisings leading to cities swapping allegiance. Spain was suffering from major unhappiness for most of the game, and during the medieval era they started getting revolts. Eventually one of their cities closest to me completely revolted and offered to join my empire, which was a hilarious and timely event. As I mentioned, I had been in zero wars up to this point, so seeing the "You captured a city, what do you want to do with it?" screen pop up all of the sudden was confusing at first. I naturally annexed it and fixed up its infrastructure, so the citizen there are now quite happy to be part of the growing but peaceful Portuguese Merchant Empire. Looking back at it, I wonder if some of the cities India was able to take from Sweden were actually due to revolts rather than war.
I'm just counting down the turns til England finally tries to backstab me, but so far they've been happy to trade with me, especially as I was able to convert them to my religion. So far only Arabia (RIP), Japan, and Sweden have been doing very poorly (well, and I guess technically Spain due to their unhappiness) with all of the other Civs remaining pretty neck and neck (even Venice!), so I am excited to see where this game goes in the later half. I predict England will continue to fight and bully its neighbors until a massive war breaks out between her, Morocco, and me, and I wouldn't be surprised if the Netherlands and India ally together to crush Songhai and Sweden, especially once William gets his Sea Beggars online. Given Portugal, Netherlands, and England are all in the game I'd love to see some epic naval battles erupt, even if my UU would be the weakest in that face off.
EDIT:
Oh, right! Additional comments on recent balance changes:
On Trade Routes - The changes to trade route distance/turns/yields/rules (one TR per city) has made this part of the game SO MUCH MORE IMMERSIVE AND ENJOYABLE. I used to pretty much ignore trade route planning. If I wanted gold I would just start all of my routes in my capital and sort the route selection menu by Highest Gold and just keep picking whatever option was at the top of the list. Now that the UI explains the "why" of route yields clearer and resource diversity and route distance matters more, I have been spreading my routes out to other cities more often to maximize the yields I want to focus on. This has been further improved by Infixo's amazing trade route filter UI modmod, which I'd argue should be incorporated into the standard VP package. So dang useful!
On Happiness - Overall I think that total happiness yields seem to be a pretty good place. In the games I've been playing the spread on overall happiness for AI Civs seems to run from about -10 to +20 for the average Civ with occasional bouts of > -20 for Civs that have been ransacked by war or overexpanded too quickly. Top Civs seem to be able to maintain > +20 happiness most of the game, though. As for myself, happiness seems manageable without being something I have to devote all of my planning towards. As long as I keep a reasonable eye on per-city happiness and don't grow pop, tech up, or settle too quickly I don't have any problem staying in the +/- 10 range until the mid game where I can start ramping up into the > +20 range as long as I'm doing well against the AI and trading for plenty of luxuries. I find that it's just about impossible to remove all sources of unhappiness on a per-city level. There will almost always be something that is causing unhappiness, depending on what Civ I'm playing as and what my policy choices have been. Crime is always the most common source of unhappiness, followed by poverty or boredom depending on what sort of local luxuries I have around my cities to work and what my policy choices are. Religious divisions also tend to lead to unhappiness around the Renaissance/Industrial Eras once religions have spread world-wide and pressure is coming in from all sorts of different places (especially trade routes).
On Warfare - Massive, massive improvements here from the perspective of the AI. I'm seeing very meaningful army composition, proper army selection and maneuvering for war prep and sneak attacks, proper protection and use of Great Generals/Admirals, proper escorting of Settlers/Workers as needed, and decent naval combat. The AI also seems to "read" my actions better as well. For example, if my forces are strongly deployed in one area and weak in another the AI will move it's forces to my least defended borders to initiate a war. Unit to unit balance seems better as well since the adjustment to Spearmen/Pikemen/etc combat strength. Horsemen and Knights are no longer the obvious rush choice since spearmen and pikemen can properly defend against them, and swordsmen/longswordsmen/landsnecht still have their roles to play in city siege. Post-Renaissance combat becomes less about the rock/paper/scissors of pikemen/knights/ranged units and more about supportive combined arms between land and naval power, and then once Flight/Combustion is researched combat changes again to include air units and proper air defense as well as armor versus anti-armor. If anything, I feel that tanks/modern armor are a little too weak compared to Infantry/Mechanized Infantry and ranged units, but I suppose that is not too far off from how combat works in modern times (infantry and air power are king). I really have nothing left to wish for or suggest here.