This is a portion of a list of colonization efforts I posted in another thread, but this portion of the list relates to M:C more than anything else.
NORWAY/VIKING AMERICA:
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- Iceland (ca. 874-present, not counted as part of Europe until the modern era; Norwegian rule 1261-1814 de jure, 1261-ca. 1430 de facto; 1814-1918 Danish rule dejure, 1721-1918 de facto, full independence achieved in 1944)
- Greenland (settled ca. 980, abandoned ca. 1430; Norwegian rule 1261-1814 de jure, 1261-ca. 1430 de facto; 1814-1918 Danish rule dejure, 1721-1918 de facto)
-------Norse Greenland had a bishopric (at Garðar) and exported walrus ivory,
-------furs, rope, sheep, whale or seal blubber, live animals such as polar
-------bears, and cattle hides.
--- Eystribyggð (Eastern Settlement, ca. 985 - ca. 1430)
--- Vestribyggð (Western Settlement, ca. 985 - ca. 1430)
- Vinland (ca. 985 - ca. 1012)
--- Leif's camp (1001-1002)
--- Thorvald's camp (1004)
--- Thorstein's camp (1005)
--- Straumfjord Settlement (1009, relocated to Straumsöy)
--- Straumsöy (1009 - ca. 1012)
- Markland (ca. 1000 - ca. 1430, known only from archaeologial evidence)
- Helluland (ca. 1000 - ca. 1430, known only from archaeologial evidence)
--- Tanfield Valley
--- Nunguvik
--- Willows Island
--- Avayalik Islands
- Lac Saint-Jean/Saguenay River (attested by Iroquois legend, Beluga whale breeding ground so highly probable, unknown dates, reports of "blonde indians" are fairly commonplace throughout the colonial period in New England and Canada. The presence of Haplogroup X2A mitochondrial DNA among Native populations along the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence Seaway gives strong support to this being a reality. It may however also point to Vikings having slaved the region heavily as the same Haplogroup is found in the Middle East, where Vikings traditionally took most of their slaves to market.)
VIKING RUS':
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Prince Rurik settles in Holmgård (Novgorod, 862)
***Varangian/Varyag/Væringjar/Viking Rus' era begins***
Kievan Rus' (882-1283)
Kipchak-Cuman Confederation (900-1220)
Principality of Pereyaslavl (988-1302)
Principality/Grand Duchy/Kingdon of Polotsk (987-1397)
***Culturally assimilated by East Slavs about this time***
Principality of Turov-Pinsk (10th-14th c.)
Principality of Chernigov (10th-14th c.)
Principality of Tmutorakan (10th c. - 1378, afterwards part of Genovese Gazaria)
Principality of Peremyshl (1031–1124)
Principality of Smolensk (1054-1387)
Muromo-Ryazan Principality (until 1166)/Principality of Ryazan (after 1166) (1097-1521)
Principality of Halych (1124–1199)
Principality of Kiev (1132-1471)
Novgorod Republic (1136-1478)
Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1168-1389)
Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia (1199-1349)
Principality of Yaroslavl (1218-1463)
***Mongol Invasion Begins (1223)***
***French attempt to form a Franco-Mongol Alliance (1240-1304)***
Grand Duchy of Tver (1247-1485)
***Franco-Mongol Invasion of Syria & Palestine(1280-1304)***
Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283-1547)
Principality of Rostov (13th c.-1474)
***Death of Ghazan, End of Franco-Mongol Cooperation (1304)***
Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721)
***Effective End of Mongol Sphere of Influence in Europe (1600)***
NOTE: Some of the Russian principalities were vassal states of the Grand Duchy of Moscow or the Grand Duchy of Kiev, there was a lot of horse-trading going on as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania came up, so loyalties tended to shift wildly. The Mongols played an increasingly significant role in the politics of the region after 1230. By the mid-15th century, Mongol power was beginning to wane, although there were periods of revitalization and there was always the constant threat of having your cities and peasants slaughtered if you didn't play along.
The problem I faced with the history of this era is that it has been revised in the interest of nationalism several times, with each author turning the truth to fit his particular national interests. It comes down to three very distinct versions that favor either Moscow, Novgorod/St Petersburg/Leningrad or Kiev, with each claiming sole responsibility for driving the Mongols out of Russia and saving Western Society.
Then there is the Finnish, Swedish, Lithuanian/Polish and German/Prussian nationalist versions of history to consider.
In modern Russia, there is still a very distinct rivalry between Kiev and Leningrad and Moscow that colors the history books being written. So, I don't know how much of any of them I would trust for accuracy. It's all rather confusing really and I found several articles on Wikipedia that were obviously based on highly questionable data, so I won't link them here for that reason.
What I can say with confidence is that during the period, the Mongols were a complex, sophisticated society that is poorly reflected in the history books written in the interest of nationalism. The bugaboo image of the vile eastern barbarian has been used and re-used to paint over the truth. So I'm of the opinion that the Mongols were no worse than the Spanish conquistadors and probably more sophisticated.
NATIVES IN RUS' TERRITORIES
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Beormas (possibly another name for Sami)
Cheremis
Chuds
Galindai (Galindians)
Khazars (618-1048)
Krivichi
Kurs (Curonians, culture became extinct by the 16th century)
Leti (Latgalians)
Livs (Livonians)
Sami (also known as Lapp or Lopp)
Seli (Selonians)
Skalviai (Skalvians)
Slovenes (also known as the East Slavs)
Veps
Ves (possibly the same people as the Veps)
Volga Bulgarians (7th c.-1240, over-run by the Mongols)
Votyaks
Yotvingians (Sudovians)
Zemaiciai (Samogitians)
Zemigali (Semigallians)
The Teutonic Knights fit into this, but precisely how, I am not sure. They were a crusade against the pagans that ended up becoming a sort of collection of crusader states like we see in the Middle East. In a very narrow reading, the Teutonic Knights were Prussians or Germans, so I'm not sure that they would count as a separate culture/civ. As with the Russians, the bulk of histories written about them date from the 1800s and 1900s and are more or less nothing but nationalist propaganda painting the East Europeans as little more than successor states to the Mongols with plenty of racially charged language.
The Italian trade empires are another complexity of re-written history. Other than the dates that they took over some bit of land here or there, I'm not sure that I would rely on the accuracy/truthfulness of textual sources written in the past two centuries. What I can say about them with confidence is that for their time, they were the powerhouses of the Mediterranean and woe be unto any nation who tried to stand against them. They were vulture capitalism's finest hour. And compared to them, the Hanseatic League was most definitely very minor league stuff.
My thinking is that they wasted their energy and resources butting head with one another, so that by start of the Age of Discovery, they had created the very conditions that led to their own decline. Within a century of Columbus landing in Hispaniola , they were under varying degrees of domination by the Spanish monarchs. But that they held out against the might of the Papal States and the Hapsburg kings until the arrival of Napoleon says something favorable about them.
REPUBLIC OF GENOA (1005 - 1797):
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Trading posts and colonies from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the shores of the Black Sea, frequent wars with Venice for control of Mediterranean trade
- Azores (1300s)
- Canary Islands (1300s)
- Madeira (1300s)
- Amastra/Amasra (1261-1460)
- Gazaria (Crimea, 1266–1475)
- Vicina (Danube, 13th-14th c.)
- Lordship of Chios (1346-1566)
- Corsica (1347-1768)
- Tabarka (Tunisia, 1540-1742)
REPUBLIC OF VENICE (697-1797):
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Trading posts and colonies from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the shores of the Black Sea, frequent wars with Genoa for control of Mediterranean trade
- Dalmazia (900s-1797)
- Negroponte (1204-1470)
- Candia (Crete, 1204-1669)
- Arcipelago (1204-1714)
- Isole Ione (Ionian Islands, 1363-1797)
- Corfu (1386, added to Isole Ione)
- Cipro (Cyprus, 1489-1571)
- Morea (1685-1715)