Part One: Across the Kaloterian Sea – The Early and Middle Classical Eras
For simplicity’s sake I will use CE, CE beginning at a point roughly equidistant to 2300 BC.
Let us focus first on the three major cradles of civilization. One on Vara, one on Selena, and one on Aljian.
Several rivers run south into the Zular Sea, separately snaking through the desert before combining into one and running into the sea. In this desert, the first chronologically recorded city-states were formed along the three rivers of Karsi, Deiron, and Pisis. [For simplicity’s sake, we’ll call them the Three Rivers.]
The most popular variant of the most popular myth of the region describes two warring tribes, one led by a man and one led by a woman (these chieftains also had godlike characteristics,) who ended their war by marrying each other and forming one greater tribe. This legend briefly illustrates the type of dualistic, ditheistic religions that dominated the Three Rivers. Such beliefs gave rise to the system of rotational monarchic government that formed the core of the great Diarchy of Parsha, (commonly called simply Great Parsha) established in roughly 300 CE. The Parshans were among the first to master masonry and bronze working, and built a world-class army for their time, bolstered by chariots and jungle elephants. The ancient Parshans remain famous for their Great Pillars, tall monuments built to welcome the birth of a new Diarch into the world. Their height would not be equaled anywhere in the world for centuries.
Many attempts were made to subjugate the southwestern jungles, but the “Oresha” (so named in Parshan chronicles) resisted them mightily, and a combination of disease and Oreshan resistance prevented any permanent conquest beyond punitive campaigns. These jungle tribes are believed to be the distant ancestors of the later Urethaku peoples, though none of their own records, if they kept any, persist from such an early age. Parshan pictographs tended to portray them (and their dark skin) as the literal antithesis of the Parshan people, the yin to their yang, to use a crude Terran analogue.
The Parshan chariot armies had more success subjugating the peaceful northwestern coasts of their continent than the great southern jungles. This region, named Narisiya, provided an ample amount of slaves from the disunited Narisiyan tribes, who were fully conquered by 1000 CE, in the reign of the Fifth Diarchy. Civil wars (mostly politico-religious disputes over the timing of scheduled dynastic turnovers) and Oreshan raids would from time to time bring down a Diarchy, but Parsha rose steadily to be the dominant power of the northern half of the continent, mostly thanks to a military organization far beyond their neighbors, and a remarkable level of cultural stability. Parshan explorers even carried the Winged Leopard (the symbol of the Diarchy) across the Kaloterian, founding small colonies in the remarkably fertile lands across the eastern sea, which they named Semikadira. Despite their explorations, they remained relatively clumsy seafarers compared to their neighbors. This would sow the seeds of their decline.
The great band of jungle along the western coast of Vara began at this time to inculcate a unique cultural isolate, the Na’a’tu. Riverine traders and migrants, much more aquatic than the Oresha/ur-Urethaku, Na’a’tu gathered in large matriarchal clans that typically traveled between many clear-cut coastal township sites. The Na’a’tu were some of the first explorers of the greater Endymion, on what modern people would consider laughably primitive but surprisingly reliable outrigger canoes and catamarans.
The Na’a’tu will return to relevance later on. For now, let us put them to the side.
In the far western end of Selena, a new culture had been inculcating from as early as the building of the Great Pillars. Radiating outwards from their birth-city of Alephos came the seaborne migrations of the Alephoi. Unlike the Three Rivers, which had an orderly progression of empires culminating in the formation of Imperial Parsha, the Alephoi were a disunited band of squabbling warlords, and remained so even after attaining urbanization. In truth, what Parshan chronicles lump together as ‘Alesha’ shared little in common beyond a language family and a pantheon, at first. Alephoi tribes fought each other for control of the finest harbor cities more often than not, each warring to reclaim the legacy of their semi-divine Missing King, a Heraclean figure said to be the only son of the gods.
Their seafaring skill, however, was matched by none in the world at this time except perhaps the Na’a’tu, and Alephoi ships were far larger. The Alephoi mastered mathematics and astronomy beyond even the Parshan scholars, and spread their vibrant polytheistic faith as rapidly as they could sail east. By 1100 CE, the Parshan Diarchy had definite contact with the farthest flung of the Alephoi colonies. This region on the western edge of Selena became an entrepot of trade and minor wars, as the Parshan satraps of Semikadira (their name for western Selena) fought with or exacted tribute from Alephoi chieftains. By 1300 CE, the growing Alephoi presence in Semikadira moved from opportunity to nuisance to threat, as their colonies proliferated around those of the Parshans and small wars became more common.
After a truly massive effort which bankrupted their treasury and led to riots in Great Parsha, the Sixth Diarchy managed to conquer the entirety of western Selena in 1400 CE, insofar as they had occupied the major Alephoi port cities of Semikadira. This control lasted for thirty years before Alephoi raids (from their free cities further east) and a huge civil war led to a successful rebellion. In response to the cruelty of the Parshan occupation, the Semikadiran Alephoi (who called themselves Ankoi after the largest Alephoi city of Ankos) organized themselves into something they called an Eparchy.
The institution of Eparchy became extremely enduring throughout the Kaloterian and Czelic Seas after a signal victory of the Ankoi army and fleet over the Parshan expeditionary force sent to pacify the Semikadiran frontier. Somewhat modeled after (or at least inspired by) the Diarchy of distant imperial Parsha, Eparchy was essentially a military dictatorship; the state was run by a cabal of generals, with high offices between them divided according to a mixture of seniority and election (the more successful Diarchies tended to elect, the less successful leaned towards seniority) for a life-term. It was a remarkably flexible system, prone both to winning wars and generating civil ones.
Many Semikadiran cities had mixed populations and most quickly defected to Ankos after a string of early victories, but the greatest Parshan center, Karx, held out for several decades more. The outcome was rarely in doubt however, as the Eparchial armies were better trained, better organized, and fighting closer to home. The Parshan elephants, while terrifying, were overcome by disciplined Ankoi skirmishers after they learned how to panic them. The loss of Semikadira (and the divine mandate) caused the Seventh Diarchy of Great Parsha to fall as the Three Rivers were again engulfed in civil strife. Not that the Eparchy cared, so busy was it consolidating its new conquests in Selena. It would be the last of the successful Diarchies in the classical period, though Parsha itself would struggle on for some time, locked in a dire struggle with the Oresha and strange new tribes from the far north. [More on them later.]
The conquest of Semikadira and its large numbers of Parshan and Narisiyan colonists (collectively called Semikadiran after this point) began to give the Eparchy an exotic Western flavor, culminating in the election of several Semikadiran (non-Alephoi) generals to the Eparchal Council, to universal outrage back in Alephos, which had paid nominal tribute to the Eparchy but not exactly joined. Further anger occurred due to the Ankoi acceptance of the strange Parshan dualism cults. The “pure-blood” Alephoi cities rapidly cut ties with their heretic child and organized against it.
1520 CE saw the greatest war between a newly unified Servitude of Alephos (the term for early Alephoi monarchs was universally Servant, because none would claim the mantle of the Missing King,) and the Eparchy of Ankos. It ended in a crushing Ankoi victory. From 1550 to 1850 CE, there was no serious military challenge to Ankos’ might. The Eparchy of Ankos conquered Narisiya from the Parshans, who were continuing their slow downward spiral, captured Alephos (which became a ceremonial and religious capitol, Ankos remaining the administrative), and turned Ankos into the titanic Triumphal City which remains famous throughout the world.
The Eparchial government built a staggeringly large network of state of the art harbor facilities and an efficient state-operated shipping fleet which ran from Saradoch in Narthis to Alephos in eastern Selena, infrastructural accomplishments unequaled in their scale by any contemporary or successor. Subservient Narisiyan and Alephoi cities were granted use of these privileges by contributing auxiliaries to the Ankoi armies, and corvee labor to dredge harbors and perform other upkeep across the Eparchy. A number of Parshan and Alephoi cults proliferated throughout the Kaloterian, the entire littoral of which now linked in a great political and economic unit. Na’a’tu emissaries made contact with Ankos, developing their own written language at this time. Their outriggers began to more aggressively explore the southern Endymion, touching (many believe) on the shores of western Aljian, though leaving little lasting archaeological or cultural presence.
Naturally, Ankos’ ambition was to rise to even higher heights. But the Eparchy had begun by around 1850 CE to be challenged by new peoples, emerging deep in the interior boreal forests of Selena and migrating south to the richer coastlands.
We have neglected the last cradle of civilization, but for good reason: Their first organized political entities did not appear until 900 CE. These are known by historians as the Republics of Lijian. Lijian, of course, is the source for the modern world’s (even in the Northwest) traditions of democracy, philosophy and drama. The Parshan theocratic despotisms and the Alephoi military aristocracies have their adherents in the modern world, but any state that claims the mantle of liberal democracy enshrines the Lijiani in their founding documents or books of political theory. The philosopher-king Ajid, who reportedly killed his own power-hungry son in order to secure the rule of the people after his death, is responsible for many early Lijani treatises on democracy. So influential has been the culture of Lijian that the continent itself, Aljian, bears their name.
A large number of henotheistic cults persisted in Lijian, with each city having its own city-father or city-mother deity. From this chaotic environment came a small number of reformist prophets, who eventually and gradually redefined the hundreds if not thousands of local gods into various avatars of one greater god. The Prophecy of the Thousandfold God became a wildly successful and unifying religion in Lijian, followed quickly by political integration in the Republics. What were first individually successful city-states began to form leagues around themselves, and these leagues competed commercially and militarily, the strong consuming the weak, until only three were left: Jadian, in the central river valley, Ikanid, in the north, and Qudin, on the archipelago.
The struggle for supremacy continued until the Jadian League won out over its rivals in an epic tripartite war, centering all power around the fantastically beautiful and wealthy city (no surprise here) of Jadian. Victors and vanquished were equally exhausted militarily from this century-long struggle. This was impeccably poor timing, because a wave of barbarian migration out of the endless central deserts had begun. The Avlach tribal confederacy swarmed into the Siat river valley, their camelry impervious to the feckless Lijiani militia thrown against them, and Jadian itself was brutally sacked, mostly due to lackluster support from Ikanid and Qudin. Following the realization of the magnitude of the threat, the surviving Lijiani states managed to, in the name of the already-defunct Jadian League, expel the Avlach from the Siat, who largely settled on the plains northwards, remaining a terrible menace. The entire episode was transformed into a tragic saga, The Fall of Jadian, which is performed on dramatic stages across the world to this day.
The hard-won unity of the republics of the realm was shattered by this invasion. Qudin, Ikanid, and Jadian formalized their independence once more, none strong enough since the sack of Jadian to tip the balance. The Era of the Three Leagues would last for almost two centuries before a change would come. Despite the chaos, the cult of the Thousandfold God spread to the Avlach, many of whom began to speak Lijiani and trade with the southerners.
Tomorrow: Part Two – Drums of the Balmora – Late Antiquity, Medieval, and Early Modern Times
Red is Great Parsha and her slave-states, grey is the "Oresha" or proto-Urethaku, blue is the Alephoi Sphere, purple is the Three Leagues, and tan is the Confederacy of the Avlach. Na'a'tu not shown, as they don't have much organization worthy of the name yet.
This is prior to the collapse of the Sixth Diarchy and the formation of an independent Ankos. Semikadira is the region under Parshan control in Selena, though this term will later be redefined to mean "all of western Selena".
Next section will have two maps: Ankos at its height, and after its fall, and the Grand Republic of Qijad straddling the two.
Note: If your particular culture hasn't appeared yet, that's probably because many definitive Earth cultures (Japanese, English, blah,) didn't appear until 500-1000 CE or later. I can still probably shoehorn some more in if it doesn't conflict with what I have in mind.
To give you some bare-bones aesthetic considerations: Northern Vara (Parsha et al) looks basically like Egypto-Persia, as if that wasn't obvious. The Alephoi are Phoenicians, which makes Ankos basically Carthaginians with Rome's manpower and esprit de corps.
The Lijiani are indeed extremely Arabic East Asians. The Avlach are desert Slavs, trololol.