I'm still confused about everything on the city screen menu. After reading the basic strategy guide from this site, it got me questioning what exactly to do with the citizen +- on the right. That and the whole white circles. I know this is very basic, but I've been playing without paying much attention to them. When the guide mentioned assigning citazens to work the cottages, I assumed it did that already.
Ah, you thinking in these patterns means that you're ready for the Great Leap Forward as a Civ Player!
Understanding what goes on in the City Screen is the bare minimum to know if you're ever gonna master this game on any level. Because, the cities are what make up your Civ. Without this understanding you will never be able to employ any kind of city specialization or plan your economy or whatever strategy you would like to learn - or develop yourself.
Lesson #1 would be to figure out what Commerce

commerce

is and what it has to do with the percentile numbers in the upper left corner of the game interface. Where does

come from? What is it used for? Is it the same thing is Gold

gold

? (Can it be?) The answers are actually right there in the City Screen, all you have to do is put it all together. Tip: Mouse over numbers and stuff in the City Screen to get more information or a more detailed breakup of whatever it is you're looking at. Compare different cities for reference (preferably at a later stage of the game, to have more varied setups available).
Lesson #2 would be to figure out how and where Food

food

comes from - and what it has to do with city growth. Because, one could say that

= citizens. Strange but true. But why is it so?
Lesson #3 is figuring out where the

for you production come from, and how they relate to the numbers that are accumulating every turn in the City Screen. It might not be as simple as it looks at first sight!
Lesson #4 is assigning Citizens to different duties. At the bottom of the City Screen (to the right of the build options) are the Governor buttons. Mouse over them and give your governor orders to change the configuration of your citizen workforce. Now, you have to do the same thing manually - can you figure out how its done? Tip: you will have to click on stuff in order to change or move them.
Lesson #5 concerns Specialists (located in the right side panel). If you completed lesson #4 with honors, you accidentally created your first Specialist (a "Citizen"). Create additional such Specialists and try to make them into Spies (requires Courthouse), Engineers (Forge), Scientists (Library), Merchants (Market), Artists (Theater) or Priests (Temple). You should be able to figure it out by trial and error, but anyone would admit to that it isn't very intuitive at first.
Lesson #6 is Culture

culture

and how its accumulated. You need to locate the

bar in the City Screen and figure out where exactly the displayed amount of

comes from. What will happen once you reach the next "level"? What can you do to increase your

output from inside the City Screen?
Lesson #7 is the last one and concerns Great People

gp

. You will get these special unit eventually if you make some of your Citizens into specialists - or if you build Wonders in the city. But how does it work, and what type of

will you end up getting? The answer is, as always, right there in the City Screen, and you can also influence the outcome (to a certain point). Can you figure it out?
Maybe there's a guide somewhere that can help you out, but otherwise it would require someone to write an entire manual chapter to explain everything for you. This is also why you probably should read your game manual, as it will get you on the right track pretty effortlessly. Some things you do have to figure out for yourself, but you're up for the challenge, right?
