Let us "play" Objectivism by Ayn Rand and compare it with what scientists have observed concerning what categories are involved vis a vis morality/ethics.
- Metaphysics Objective Reality
- Epistemology Reason
- Ethics Self-interest
- Politics Capitalism
If you want this translated into simple language, it would read: 1. Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed or Wishing wont make it so. 2. You cant eat your cake and have it, too. 3. Man is an end in himself. 4. Give me liberty or give me death.
If you held these concepts with total consistency, as the base of your convictions, you would have a full philosophical system to guide the course of your life. ...
http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_intro
Now compare with harm, community, authority, fair and purity. What Ayn Rand(AR) did is not particular to AR but rather AR did something all humans, which can so, do. She gave reasons for how she thought and felt as to how we as humans ought to live. So let us look at one of the western cultural mores - total consistency! Now notice something, it is not limited to AR. Rather you can observe some people on the left and right use it and likewise with both some atheists and religious people. So let us check two examples, the first one about values or harm:
The capacity to experience pleasure or pain is innate in a mans body; it is part of his nature, part of the kind of entity he is. He has no choice about it, and he has no choice about the standard that determines what will make him experience the physical sensation of pleasure or of pain. What is that standard?
His life.
http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/values.html
Now explain in the strong sense "
His life" in regards to e.g. a firefighter and apply total consistency.
Ethics is an objective, metaphysical necessity of mans survival. . . .
I quote from Galts speech: Man has been called a rational being, but rationality is a matter of choiceand the alternative his nature offers him is: rational being or suicidal animal. Man has to be manby choice; he has to hold his life as a valueby choice; he has to learn to sustain itby choice; he has to discover the values it requires and practice his virtuesby choice. A code of values accepted by choice is a code of morality.
The standard of value of the Objectivist ethicsthe standard by which one judges what is good or evilis mans life, or: that which is required for mans survival qua man.
Since reason is mans basic means of survival, that which is proper to the life of a rational being is the good; that which negates, opposes or destroys it is the evil. Since everything man needs has to be discovered by his own mind and produced by his own effort, the two essentials of the method of survival proper to a rational being are: thinking and productive work.
http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/morality.html
Notice something - harm, community, authority, fair and purity are all there; indirectly or directly. Notice something else "A code of values accepted by choice is a code of morality." for which AR reduces it down to nature as "rational being or suicidal animal", but then ask this: Can a human as a choice accept her/his own death as valid, because she/he holds as per choice another standard of value?
All thinking is a process of identification and integration. Man perceives a blob of color; by integrating the evidence of his sight and his touch, he learns to identify it as a solid object; he learns to identify the object as a table; he learns that the table is made of wood; he learns that the wood consists of cells, that the cells consist of molecules, that the molecules consist of atoms. All through this process, the work of his mind consists of answers to a single question: What is it? His means to establish the truth of his answers is logic, and logic rests on the axiom that existence exists. Logic is the art of non-contradictory identification. A contradiction cannot exist. An atom is itself, and so is the universe; neither can contradict its own identity; nor can a part contradict the whole. No concept man forms is valid unless he integrates it without contradiction into the total sum of his knowledge. To arrive at a contradiction is to confess an error in ones thinking; to maintain a contradiction is to abdicate ones mind and to evict oneself from the realm of reality.
So now I will do this as a dialog:
An Objectivist: How AR wrote it above is how reality works.
Me: No! Notice something!!! When I said "No!" I did an apparent contradiction. I.e. I contradicted AR's claim, but not only that - I am maintaining it and thus I have evicted myself from the realm of reality! So here is some simple questions - If I am not in reality, then where am I? How is it that you as a part of reality can interact with me when I am not in reality?
O: That is not the real meaning of what AR wrote! What it means is that irrational humans can't have an happy/good life! Only people who maintain apply total consistency can be happy and have a good life!
M: How do you know that?
O:
(To the functional effect) That is what a good and happy life is to me!
M: With what authority do you then apply your standard to other humans?
...
Notice something -
"everybody, their mother and her dog" will give reasons and emotions to the words harm, community, authority, fair and purity! I do to, but I have given up on total consistency and in practice in means - I as me don't accept any variant of "universal black and white" answers to morality, including any strong universal claim to authority. In practice it means if someone can think/feel that taxation is theft I check if I can replicate that and I can. Then I check if I can replicate taxation is not theft and I can.
[reductio ad absurdum]As to nature as per AR above - you could ask yourself this: Are bottom-feeders a natural phenomenon? Can we observe parasitic behavior in nature? Are humans outside nature? So if a "welfare-grandmother" and her offspring in practice survive by parasitic behavior is that a case of "As for you, be fruitful and increase in number; multiply on the earth and increase upon it"![/reductio ad absurdum]
In other words what AR did can also be understood as an appeal to emotions; namely: "Choose between A and non-A and if you don't choose A like me you will die a horrible death as a suicidal animal !!!" For which all I can answer is: "No! Apparently that is not how reality works, because if what AR wrote holds in the strong sense, there would be not humans!"