Ragnarr Loðbrók was a semi-legendary king of Sweden and Denmark who reigned sometime in the eighth or ninth centuries. According to the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus, Ragnarr belonged to the Swedish Yngling Dynasty. Both Saxo and Icelandic sources describe him as the son of Sigurd Ring, a king of Sweden who conquered Denmark, but they are divided on whether Ragnarr mainly resided in Sweden or in Denmark. His epithet Loðbrók ("Hairy Breeches") derives from a pair of trousers made for him out of furred hide. These were said to have been boiled in pitch and rolled in sand as protection against the venom of the Lindworm serpent, from whose vile clutches he delivered the Swedish princess Þóra, whom he took to wife.
Ragnarr was a heathen who claimed to be a direct descendant of the god Odin. He spent most of his life as a pirate and raider, invading one country after another. It is claimed he told people he always sought greater adventures for fear that his sons (who included such notable Vikings as Björn Ironside and Ivar the Boneless) would eclipse him in fame and honor. Ragnarr raided France many times, using the rivers as highways for his fleets of longships. By remaining on the move, he cleverly avoided battles with large concentrations of heavy Frankish cavalry, while maximizing his advantages of mobility and the general climate of fear of Viking unpredictability. With an alleged force of 120 ships and 5,000 Viking warriors, he landed in what is now France, probably at the Seine estuary, and ravaged West Francia, as the westernmost part of the Frankish Empire was then known. Rouen was ravaged and then Carolivenna, a mere 20 kilometers from St. Denis. The raiders then attacked and captured Paris. The traditionalnal date for this is 28 March, which is today referred to as Ragnarr Loðbrók Day by certain followers of the Asatru religion.
The King of West Francia, Charlemagne's grandson Charles the Bald, paid Ragnarr a huge amount of danegeld (Norse extortion money) not to destroy the city. Ragnarr, according to Viking sources, was satisfied with no less than 7,000 pounds of silver in exchange for sparing the city. That did not stop Ragnarr from attacking other parts of France, however, and it took a long time for the Franks to drive him out for good. Ragnarr continued his series of successful raids throughout the mid 9th century, and fought numerous civil wars in Denmark, until his luck ran out at last in Britain. After being shipwrecked on the English coast during a freak storm, he was captured by Anglian king Ælla of Northumbria and put to death in an infamous manner by being thrown into a pit of vipers. As he was thrown into the snake pit, Ragnarr was said to have uttered his famous death song: "It gladdens me to know that Baldrs father [Odin] makes ready the benches for a banquet. Soon we shall be drinking ale from the curved horns. The champion who comes into Odins dwelling [Valhalla] does not lament his death. I shall not enter his hall with words of fear upon my lips. The Æsir will welcome me. Death comes without lamenting
Eager am I to depart. The Dísir summon me home, those whom Odin sends for me [Valkyries] from the halls of the Lord of Hosts. Gladly shall I drink ale in the high-seat with the Æsir. The days of my life are ended. I laugh as I die."
As Ragnarr was slowly being bitten to death, he is alleged to have exclaimed "How the little pigs would grunt if they knew how the old boar suffers!", referring to the vengeance he hoped his sons would wreak when they heard of his death, and indeed the historical record indicates Ragnarr's sons did not disappoint. Ragnarr's sons Halfdan, Ivar the Boneless, and Ubbe led a Viking army originating in Denmark which pillaged and conquered much of England in the late 9th century. Unlike many of the Scandinavian raiding armies of the period, surviving sources give no firm indication of its numbers, but it was clearly among the largest forces of its kind, comprising a number of ships reaching into the hundreds, and many thousands of men. The term "Great Heathen Army" is used in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Having gained experience across Europe, the army arrived in Britain in late 865, landing in East Anglia. Under the command of Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless with the support of Ubbe Ragnarsson, it aimed to conquer and settle in England. In late 866 they conquered the Kingdom of Northumbria, sacked York, met King Ælla in battle, and captured him. Ælla was sentenced to die according to the custom of the blood eagle - an exceedingly painful death. The Kingdom of East Anglia fell in 870. In 871, the Great Summer Army arrived from Scandinavia, reinforcing the Great Heathen Army, enabling it in 874 to conquer Mercia. The same year, a considerable number of them settled in the conquered territories, followed by another group in 877. Halfdan moved north to attack the Picts, while Guthrum emerged as the war leader in the south, and in 876 they were joined by further forces and won the Battle of Wareham. However, Alfred the Great fought back and eventually won victory over the army at the Battle of Ethandun in 878, achieving the Treaty of Wedmore. The settlers from the army formed the Viking Kingdom of York (Jorvik), which survived with several interruptions until the 950s.
The Vikings were not unjustly feared as ruthless, bloodthirsty mercenaries who behaved as organized criminals, but that is only one small part of the extraordinary legacy the Scandinavian people of that era left behind. The caricature of Vikings as filthy brutish savages is a misrepresentation of history. The Vikings' billiantly unconventional tactics in warfare were spectacularly successful against all enemies for centuries. Norse craftsmen, traders, explorers, and settlers travelled to many parts of Europe and beyond in a cultural diaspora that left its traces from Newfoundland to Istanbul. The Norse established trade routes carrying goods from as far away as India and Arabia to the heart of Scandinavia.
Their ship-building arts were raised to a level that would be unmatched for seaworthiness until the 19th century; the
beitass of Nordic vessels, a kind of spar attached to the sail, allowed them to sail closer into the wind than anything that had come before. Norse explorers founded a colony at what is now L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland nearly 500 years before Christopher Colombus crossed the Atlantic. Eastern Swedes crossed the Baltic and settled among the Slavs, forming the kingdom of Kievan Rus which later became Russia. The Viking Rus traded up and down the Volga and Dneiper rivers as far as the Caspian and Black Seas, and a contingent of Scandinavians were retained as the elite Varangian Guard by the Byzantine Emperor Basil II and his successors well into the fourteenth century. There exist two known inscriptions of Norse runic graffiti left by the Varangians in the Hagia Sofia in present-day Istanbul.
Although lacking written literature prior to the introduction of the Latin alphabet by Christian missionaries, the existence of several thousands of runic inscriptions prove the Norse were far from illiterate. Iceland has arguably the world's oldest functional parliamentary democracy, the Alþingi, which has operated with only minor interruptions since its founding by Norsemen in 930 A.D. The Anglo-Danes of the English Danelaw were considered "excessively" clean by their Anglo-Saxon neighbours, due to their custom of bathing every Saturday and combing their hair often (in a time when bathing regularly was suspect as a sinful diversion). Icelanders have been known to use natural hot springs as baths since earliest antiquity, and a strong sauna culture continues to thrive in modern Scandinavia. To this day, Saturday is referred to as laugardagur(or laurdag, lørdag, or lördag), "washing day" in the Scandinavian languages. It is for this reason English women were said to have favored the Northmen.
These are compelling pieces of evidence that the Vikings were not the slavering barbarians depicted in myth and legend, but rather a sophisticated and adaptable people who were in many ways more advanced than their more southerly contemporaries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking
http://notendur.hi.is/haukurth/norse/reader/krakm.html
http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/tml/tml35.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_eagle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptions_in_Hagia_Sophia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland