- What makes them an ethnic group?
Wikipedia said:
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a common nation of origin, or common sets of ancestry, traditions, language, history, society, religion, or social treatment.
My knowledge on the history of the region is very limited, so the only part that I know is that the Mandate for Palestine came into existence after the surrender of the Ottomans—I’m not familiar with how they governed the other Arab groups under their control, now Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq, but I know they had some division and as far as I know it took very little into account re: grouping people together based on an ethnic identity.
From my understanding Palestinians were considered separate from the Turks, Lebanese, Syrians, Jordanians ect for a very long time.
I would hazard your reply will be: every country in the new world, Australia and New Zealand.
Just because it happened everywhere does not make it a good thing we should continue to do.
If we’re going to say the difference is stark, how are we going to define the two? America
[...]
I wouldn’t expect you to have answers for every ? mark in this post—I don’t, but I don‘t think the difference is as stark as it looks on first glance.
While we could have a nuanced discussion about America or even the Israel of ~80 years ago, the difference between settler and immigrant in Israel is incredibly obvious and stark.
An article published in 2020 shows that migration into Israel can be easily classified into four categories:
- (Usually white) Jewish migrants returning under the law of return that, in theory, grants Israeli citizenship to Jews and their children immediately upon immigration (there are certain important caveats).
- Non-Jewish migrants, primarily from the former Soviet Union (FSU) and Ethiopia, arriving under the auspices of the 1970 amendment of the Law of Return.
- Temporary labor migrants, chiefly from Asia, who were recruited to replace Palestinian workers after the first Intifada (the Palestinian uprising in 1987)
- Asylum seekers from sub-Saharan Africa crossing the southern Egyptian border without authorization since the middle of the 2000s.
The four groups are treated
very differently.
Jews returning under the right of return are given a great deal of financial and government support.
Rebeca Raijman said:
As the self-defined homeland for the Jewish diaspora, Israel is committed to the successful integration of those arriving under the Law of Return. These newcomers not only have privileged access to citizenship and its benefits, but they also have access to specific integration policies and generous programs, including financial assistance during their first year in Israel. Other integration supports include free Hebrew instruction, loans for buying a house, grants for university students, assistance in finding employment, job retraining, and financial support for employers who hire immigrants.
Non-Jewish migrants are usually either relatives of Jewish people who move to Israel under the Law of Return (usually by marriage) or Ethiopians from the Beta Israel community (these Ethiopians are known as Falas Mura
). While I believe these groups also benefit from the financial and social benefits given to new Jewish arrivals, Ethiopian Jews are treated extremely poorly in part because their ancestors converted from Judaism to Christianity and also because of blatant racism against Africans. They are subject to horrific things such as
forced sterilisation and
general mistreatment.
Before relations between Israel and the occupied territories soured, Palestinians living in Gaza and the West Bank who weren't Israeli citizens were used as a labour force for all the jobs that Israelis didn't want to do (e.g construction, agriculture and customer service). When relations between Israelis and Palestinians turned sour, the Israelis felt they could no longer rely on Palestinian labour for these tasks so they turned to what western countries do when they have jobs that need doing that locals don't want to do - turn to immigrant labour from the third world. They also expanded immigrants to do caregiving work for the elderly.
Rebeca Raijman said:
Temporary labor migrants are formally recruited mainly for three main sectors: agriculture, construction, and domestic caregiving. Unlike the construction and agriculture sectors, where labor migrants replaced Palestinian workers, the recruitment of foreign workers for the domestic caregiving sector created an entirely new employment niche staffed exclusively by non-nationals. The Long-Term Care Insurance Act, implemented in 1988, marked the first large-scale arrival of caregiving workers. The law permits those in need of geriatric care to hire non-Israeli workers to provide round-the-clock care, allowing the elderly to continue living at home. The Israeli government sets quotas for labor migrants in agriculture and construction (approximately 29,000 workers in each sector in 2019); work permits for non-Israeli caregivers are not capped.
Labour migrants have no permanent path to citizenship and are often treated extremely poorly.
Rebeca Raijman said:
While Israel has progressive laws protecting workers’ rights for all residents, citizen or not, in practice, there is a huge gap between the laws on paper and their implementation. The violation of migrant workers’ social and civil rights owes more to the lack of infrastructure around the laws, compounded by the state’s unwillingness to enforce them. The precarious status of foreign workers confines them to the margins of the Israeli economy and society.
The next group are refugees, primarily arriving from North Africa. Like all countries in the global north, refugees are treated extremely poorly, they are often detained indefinitely, subject to restrictions on internal movement and are often cocered into departure back into their own country. While there is a theoretical path to citizenship and aslyum, of applications recieved only 1% have been processed and accepted.
What can we conclude from all this?
Well, clearly the difference between settler, immigrant and undesirable subhuman in Israel is clearly deliniated and based on race and religion. This is another point in favour of calling Israel an aparthied state, as they clearly seperate people into distinct groups based on race:
- (Usually white) Jewish Israeli settlers by birth or immigration and their families. They are given money to either live in Israel or further deprive Palestinians of land (Israeli settlers in the West Bank and Gaza are given even more money by the state).
- Ethiopian and Arab Israeli citizens who are treated racistly and subject to state and public harassement.
- A subclass of non-citizen workers who perform all the most backbreaking and poorly paid labour that Israelis don't want to do.
- Refugees who are detainted, harassed and coerced into returning to their own country.
- Palestinians who exist to be driven out of the country or exterminated to make room for more Israeli settlers.
This is a horrific system and it must be opposed.