Civilization
Axumite (Aksumite) Kingdom
Demonym
The Semitic-speaking people are called Aksumite (because the capital was Aksum or Axum) or Habash (Abyssinians).
Economy
Axum empire bordered one of the greatest ancient times arteries of commerce: Red Sea (Adulis).
The Aksumite then had access to both the Europe and Asia (mainly India).
Compared to the ptolemaic Egypt where the riches came from the agricultural feats of the Nile Valley, Ethiopias economy came from exploitation of the highlands and commerce from the Red Sea.
Unique to the rest of Africa, Axum kingdom produced its own coinage. That coinage allowed the historians to elaborate a chronology of the ethiopian history.
The prosperity of the Axum empire comes from great and expensive luxuries: turtle-shells (Dahlak Islands near Adulis), obsidians (Red Sea islands), ivory (Nile valley), incense, emeralds (Beja lands), gold gotten from salt trades (Sudan), cattle and iron.
Animal furnitures were probably part in trades like civets. Not forgetting exotic spices.
Aksum empire imports wines, olive oil, clothes, iron, glass and objects of precious metals.
Military
In the early AD period, Aksumites managed to gather a certain hegemony of surrounding Ethiopian people through most probably a military superiority and wealth thanks to the two main commercial arteries (Blue Nile and Red Sea).
The Aksumite military grew enough strong to capture a part of Felix Arabia in the end of the second century and beginning of the third century AD.
In the aksumite towns, the evident lack of walls show the pacific climate in which the ethiopians lived, although inscription described several revolts from subordinate tribes.
Architecture
Compared to most Africa below the Sahara, Axum reached a high level of knowledge and sophistication. Their ceramics and architectures were impressive and original.
Axum empires agricultural potential was much stronger than it is today in the modern times. They used irrigation, water-storage and terracing-techniques, allowing urban communities to grow large.
The most known architectural symbol of Axum is their carved monoliths, still standing today to commemorate their dead rulers.
Aksumite were great quarrymen, engineers and stone-carvers. Sometimes, they manipulate the biggest single stone material of the Ancient Times.
Culture
The paucity of writings made their civilization elusive to history.
The vocalization of the Ge`ez allowed a legacy of written material, the ethiopic script.
During the third century AD, there were three scripts (
Ge`ez in cursive form and
ESA, Greek) and two languages (Ge`ez and Greek).
Religion
In the second quarter of the fourth century, the king
Ezana who was a worhipper of what resembles to greek deities was converted to Christianity. At that point, coinage shows the support for the new religion.
Foreign Relationships
The aksumite at its origin was strongly influenced by the Sabean civilization located at the other shore of the Red Sea, in Felix Arabia. Architecture, religion and cultural features showed that. (~500 BCE).
Ethiopia was never mentioned anywhere in the Roman empire.
Axum empire was sufficiently remote to never be in direct conflict with the Persian Empire nor the Roman one. Even Egypt, Felix Arabia and Meroë didnt send expeditions to Axum.
At the rise of Islam, islamists owed to Aksumites for giving shelther to the earliest followers of Muhammad. Still, the ethiopian kingdom remained independent.
With the Ptolemaic Egypt, the Aksumite became sufficiently Hellenized to employ Greek language.
The adoption of Christianity helped the relationship of Aksum towards the late Roman empire, but not in the slavish manner for political ends.
Kingship
Ethiopian rulers were called
negusa nagast, meaning king of the kings.