das said:
Also, how is the situation down the Volga/Itil? That is to say, is it in anarchy - or is it simply populated by barbarians?
Anarchic. The various Mongol khanates have completely collapsed and nothing has replaced them yet. The Crimean Khanate claims the area but doesn't actually have any control over it.
Most of the names are fairly usual. I'll go by region.
Portugal, Castile, Navarre, Granada, Aragon
England, Scotland, France, Burgundy, Holy Roman Empire
Genoa, Papal States, Venice, Naples (former K. of Sicily)
Union of Denmark-Norway, Sweden (note no Kalmar Union), Poland, Teutonic Order, Lithuania, Novgorod, Muscovy
Khanate of the Crimea, Wallachia, Bulgarian Empire, Hungary, Serbia, Byzantine Empire
Seljuk Sultanate, Mamluks, Tripoli, Timurid Empire, Cyprus
Delhi Sultanate, Gujarat, Malwa, Vijayanagar, Sinhala, Gondwana
Ayutthaya, Dai Viet, Malacca, Majapahit
Ming China, Tibet, Joseon, Ashikaga Shogunate