Everything I've read by Steven Pinker has had a big influence on me, especially The Blank Slate. Some kind of summary is: human nature exists and matters massively, Western culture has a tradition of denying its existence, Western culture is too enamored with imagined "state of nature" tropes, we should be skeptical of educational and social silver bullets, inequality is a more intractable reality than commonly realized, culture is overused to explain things, and ideas about human nature are often corrupted or misunderstood for philosophical or political reasons. Practically, it got me interested in psychology and genetics and determined many of the books I've read since then, like Thinking Fast and Slow, the Hungry Brain, the Righteous Mind, Sapiens, Homo Deus, and Who We Are and How We Got Here.
Also: Ordinary Men, which is about the Holocaust and Godel, Escher, Bach, which is about lots of stuff.