Date|Tech|Comments
2nd millennium BCE|Zoroastrianism |
1st millennium AD|Ship Building |
???|Asatru |
500 BC|Spice Trade |
331 BC |Drug Trade |
207 BC |Floristry |Egypt-2,500 BCE, China-207 BC
A.D 226 |Music |2500 B.C-Elamite Empire, A.D 226-Sassanid
200 B.C +|Judaism |,
20 BC / 100 A.D |Meditation |20 B.C -Philo of Alexandria , 100 A.D -Vimalakirti Sutra
600 B.C +|Buddhism |
340 B.C |Astrology |100 B.C -Egyptian Dendera Zodiac, 340 B.C - Horoscopic Astrology, 280 BC-Berossus Astrology School , 200 B.C- Cato and Juvenal , 1046–256 BC- Ying Yang
400 B.C / 160 A.D |Ancient Medicine |400 B.C Hippocrates, 160 A.D -Aelius "Galen" Galenus. Note: we might have two Medicine Techs.
600 BC|Insurance |600 BC -The Greeks and Romans introduced the origins of health and life insurance.
472 B.C |Drama |472 BC- City Dionysia competition, 240 BC- marks the beginning of regular Roman drama. 205 B.C -Plautus, 166 B.C -Terence
1700 B.C /335 B.C |Poetry |1700–1200 BC- Indian Vedas , 335 BC Poetics (Aristotle), 675 BC -Zoroaster's Gathas to the Odyssey
1000 B.C |Alphabet | 2700 BC- Egyptian,1500 B.C- Proto-Sinaitic script, 1050 BC+ Phoenician alphabet, 1600 BC- Mycenaean Greeks , 800 B.C Euboean alphabet, c.700 BC -Corinthian script, 600 BC- Latin alphabet
500 B.C+|Naghualism |Zapotec writing was 600 B.C
300 B.C |Calligraphy |100 A.D- Roman Cursive, 1454 A.D Gothic calligraphy , 200 BC -Imperial China Xiaozhuan, 300 B.C Kǎishū style , 140 A.D cǎoshū style, (c. 265 BC Aśoka's edicts (stone) , 550 B.C Persian , 300 B.C Mayan Hieroglyph script " San Bartolo" Note: Mayan calligraphy was expressed via Mayan hieroglyphs; modern Mayan calligraphy is mainly used on seals. We might need another Caligraphy in late Medieval.
500 B.C / 1200 A.D|Aesthetics | 340 B.C -Metaphysics (Aristotle), 700 B.C - Bharata Muni (India), 500 B.C -Hundred Schools of Thought (Confucius), 1000 B.C - Nok Culture (Africa), 1100 A.D -Arabesque , 1221 A.D -Saint Bonaventure, 1600 A.D -Modernism note: We will need another Aesthetics in early Renaissance
500 B.C +|Jainism |500 B.C -Vardhamana Mahāvīra
600 B.C|Mathematics |3000 BC- Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a systematic study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics
600 B.C and 1800 A.D |Geometry |2000 B.C - Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt , 600 B.C -Thales , 500 B.C -Pythagoras, 300 B.C - Euclid, , 1048- Omar Khayyám ,1280 A.D Witelo, 1320 A.D Gersonides , 1620 A.D- René_Descartes , ,1640 A.D Girard Desargues ,1650 A.D Pierre de Fermat, , 1840 A.D János Bolyai, 1820 A.D Friedrich Gauss .Note: At the start of the 19th century the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries by Gauss, Lobachevsky, Bolyai, and others led to a revival of interest, and in the 20th century David Hilbert employed axiomatic reasoning in an attempt to provide a modern foundation of geometry.
200 B.C+|Aristocracy |350 B.C -Aristocracy coined by Aristotle. The term "aristocracy" (ἀριστοκρατία
was first given in Athens to young citizens (the men of the ruling class) who led armies from the front line.
Because military bravery was highly regarded as a virtue in ancient Greece, it was assumed that the armies were being led by "the best". From the ancient Greeks, the term passed on to the European Middle Ages for a similar
hereditary
class of military leaders often referred to as the "nobility". As in Greece, this was a class of privileged men and women whose familial connections to the regional armies allowed them to present themselves as the most "noble" or "best". Note: Add hereditary to Medieval.
850 B.C / 300 A.D|Literature |1900 BC -Sumerian stories , 1500 BC - Vedas, 850 BC- Homer , 100 A.D - Codex (ancient book), 700 BC - Nineveh, 300 B.C - Ptolemy I Soter , 135 A.D -Library of Celsus (12,000 scrolls), 500 B.C -Greece , 60 A.D- Atrium Libertatis Note: Does Literature represent books or scrolls? Books were Roman, Scrolls were B.C. Perhaps we need Scrolls and Literature.
400 B.C |Meritocracy |Both Plato and Aristotle advocated meritocracy. With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment, the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West. Australia began establishing public universities in the 1850s with the goal of promoting meritocracy by providing advanced training and credentials. The educational system was set up to service urban males of middle-class background, but of diverse social and religious origins.
400 B.C |Confucianism | Confucius (551–479 BC). Confucianism became the official state ideology of the Han (206 BC – 220 AD).
400 B.C|Mosaic Working |Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns and mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae.
3000 B.C /Move to Ancient |
Paved Roads
|Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC. In 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia (Iran), including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times.From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. Note: Move to Ancient .
1770 B.C |Code of Laws |1772 B.C -Code of Hammurabi, , 200 B.C Hindu law framed by Manu and called as Manu Smriti. 624 A.D -Tang Code
500 B.C |Democracy | 508-507 BC- Athenians , 700 B.C - Range voting by Sparta, 753 BC -Roman Senate, 300 AD|
770 B.C |Philosophy | 2500 B.C - maxims of Ptahhotep ,1000 B.C- Dialog of Pessimism (Babylonian) , 1000 BC-Darshanas (India), 1700 B.C Zarathustra (Zoroaster- Persia), 770 B.C -Hundred Schools of Thought (China), 585 B.C -Graeco-Roman philosophy , 1935 A.D -The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental History (10,000 pages!). Note: We move out Graeco-Roman philosophers.
400 B.C |Taoism |the Tao Te Ching – is dated to the late 4th century BC.
Move to Ancient|
Weather Lore
|Should be moved before Gardening. It started with mariners, shepherds , and gardeners.
Ancient|Monarchy |Tyrants like Persia
A.D 100 |Road Building | How is this different from Paved Roads? Is this Roman (A.D 100)?. If so, move Paved Roads to Ancient.
700 B.C |City Planning |Traditionally, the Greek philosopher Hippodamus (5th century BC) is regarded as the first town planner and ‘inventor’ of the orthogonal urban layout. Aristotle called him ‘the father of city planning. 700 B.C to include Roman Domuses and Villas.
700 B.C |Canal Systems | 2283 BC- Egypt, 481 B.C - China, The Middle Ages saw a lot of new canal systems. 700 B.C - Aquducts, 540 A.D- Peruvian , 1420 A.D - Aztec, 100 B.C -kahan (Persian) :, kahriz (Azerbaijan); khettara (Morocco); galería (Spain); falaj (Oman)
950 B.C |Sanitation |2600 B.C -Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (Indus Valley), 79 A.D - Pompeii (Roman), High Middle Ages (e 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries)
500 B.C |Iron Working |1500 BC- Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt, 500 BC -Central Europe , 1200 BC - Sub-Saharan Africa(Smelting in 500 BC) , Wootz steel was produced in India and Sri Lanka from around 300 BC, 1100 B.C - Greece, 500 B.C - China,
80 A.D |Construction | As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen, like bricklayers and carpenters, appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. Colosseum A.D 80.
3000 B.C -64 A.D
*Wildcard*
|Concrete |3000 B.C -Mesopotamia later in Egypt (lime, sand, and gravel), ??? -Ancient Macedonians ( Pozzolanic reaction), 25 BC -, Roman- (trass or pumice or volcanic ash,) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or pottery); Vitruvius, writing around 25 BC in his Ten Books on Architecture. Rebuilding Rome after the fire in 64 AD, which destroyed large portions of the city, the new building code by Nero consisted of largely brick-faced concrete.
900 B.C |Currency |2000 BC- Originally money was a form of receipt, representing grain stored in temple granaries in Sumer in ancient Mesopotamia, then Ancient Egypt. 1000 and 900 BC - the appearance of real coinage, possibly first in Anatolia with Croesus of Lydia and subsequently with the Greeks and Persians. Archimedes' principle provided the next link: coins could now be easily tested for their fine weight of metal, and thus the value of a coin could be determined, even if it had been shaved, debased or otherwise tampered with. Most major economies using coinage had three tiers of coins: copper, silver and gold starting with the Mahajanapadas. 520 B.C -Achaemenid Empire, including the gold darics and silver sigloi. 289 BC -The first Roman coins, which were crude, heavy cast bronzes, were issued ca. Depends if it means Coinage or Receipts?
776 B.C|Athletics | Prehistoric - Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping, and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. 2250 BC -Heb Sed festival (Egyptian) , 1800 BC -Celtic Festival , 776 BC - Olympics (Greek) , 500 B.C -Panhellenic Games. I guess this represents the Olympics. Persia had a gymnasium in 2000 B.C.
300 B.C|Hellenism |
500 B.C|Ancient Ballistics | 400 BC- handheld crossbow used in battle , 500 B.C -Greek world use crossbows, 400 B.C - Romans use Crossbows,
100 A.D |Siege Warfare ||30,000 B.C - Bommerang , 55 A.D -Ballista Mainstream use with Julius Cesar, A.D 20 -Cheiroballistra ('hand ballista) , 100 A.D Carroballista (Cart Ballista), Seige Towers (depends on region and type from 900 B.C to Medieval Age).
???|Machinery | Keep it near the end.
???|Smithing |keep near the end.
???|
Cloud Patterns
|Luke Howard, a methodical observer with a strong grounding in the Latin language, used his background to categorize the various tropospheric cloud types and forms during December 1802. I cannot find a source by this is classical.
648 B.C |Combat Sports | Combat sports are first recorded during the Olympic games of 648 B.C. with pankration. Pankration allowed competitors to use all striking and grappling techniques
???|Vassalage |From the time of the Zhou Dynasty (1046–770 BCE) until the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), a varying number of vassal states existed in Ancient China. It can be placed anywhere in Classical. |
Early Classical|Horse Breeding | The throat-girth design was not improved until the Chinese breast-strap or "breastcollar" harness developed during the Warring States (481 BC–221 BC) era in China. The Chinese breast harness became known throughout Central Asia by the 7th century.Its first depiction in artwork was on lacquer-ware boxes from the ancient State of Chu. This type of harness put pressure upon the sternum, where the line of traction is directly linked with the skeletal system of the horse, allowing for nearly full exertion.[3] It was in universal use by the time of the Chinese Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD).
|Mounted Archery | Anywhere after Geometry.
200 B.C|Stirrup |The earliest manifestation of the stirrup was a toe loop that held the big toe and was used in India late in the second century BC, though may have appeared as early as 500 BC.
360 B.C. |History or Exegesis or Hermeneutics |Hermeneutics is derived from the Greek word ἑρμηνεύω (hermeneuō, 'translate' or 'interpret'). It was introduced into philosophy mainly through the title of Aristotle's work On Interpretation, commonly referred to by its Latin title De Interpretatione. It is one of the earliest (c. 360 B.C.)
A.D 77|Mineralogy |The Natural History (Latin: Naturalis Historia) is an early encyclopedia published circa AD 77–79 by Pliny the Elder. It is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day and purports to cover all ancient knowledge.
300 B.C|Logic |Logic was studied in several ancient civilizations, including India,[4] China,[5] Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal discipline by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy.
150 A. D|Geophysics |In circa 240 BC, Eratosthenes of Cyrene deduced that the Earth was round and measured the circumference of the Earth, using trigonometry and the angle of the Sun at more than one latitude in Egypt. He developed a system of latitude and longitude and measured the tilt of the Earth's axis. perhaps the earliest contribution to seismology was the invention of a seismoscope by the prolific inventor Zhang Heng in 132 AD.
200 B.C|Cosmos |Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars had to be conducted from the only vantage points available, namely tall buildings and high ground using the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in Mesopotamia, China, Egypt, Greece, India, and Central America, astronomical observatories were assembled, and ideas on the nature of the universe began to be explored. Too much to list here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy#History
500 A.D (last row) or Medieval |Trigonometry |Sumerian astronomers studied angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees.They and later the Babylonians, studied the ratios of the sides of similar triangles and discovered some properties of these ratios, but did not turn that into a systematic method for finding sides and angles of triangles. The ancient Nubians used a similar method. The ancient Greeks transformed trigonometry into an ordered science. To much to list here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry
500 B.C |Geography |The ideas of Anaximander (c. 610 BC-c. 545 BC): considered by later Greek writers to be the true founder of geography, come to us through fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the gnomon, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of latitude. To much to list:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography#History
200 B.C |Metaphysics |Many authors.
400 B.C|Wheelbarrow |The wheelbarrow may have existed in ancient Greece in the form of a one-wheel cart.
100 B.C |Botanical Science | Examples of early botanical works have been found in ancient sacred texts from India dating back to before 1100 BC archaic Avestan writings, and works from China before it was unified in 221 BC. Modern botany traces its roots back to Ancient Greece, specifically to Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BC), a student of Aristotle who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the scientific community as the "Father of Botany". His major works, Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, constitute the most important contributions to botanical science until the Middle Ages, almost seventeen centuries after they were written. Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 year.
X |Pythagoreanism | Put vertically before Platonism .
X |Platonism |Put vertically after Socratism
X|Socratism |Put vertically after Pythagoreanism
X |Aristotelianism | Put vertically after Socratism.
X | Epicureanism | Put vertically after Aristotelianism
X|Stoicism |Put vertically after Epicureanism
Anywhere |Customs | mostly Roman.
Very early |
Monasticism
| We might NOT need this.
Very Early |Sarcophagi |We can have Romans require Cement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagi
350BC|Monogram |Monograms first appeared on coins, as early as 350BC. Note: I think we should move to Medieval, they have greater history there.
Near End |Tessera | It seems its more of a Byzantine Empire creation. Will have to look into it more.
400 B.C |Censorship | It seems like its about keeping morality and is about the Roman Censor. Interesting.
|
Pederasty
| I don't think we can put this in C2C, even if it was extremely common, because it would be quite controversial for most of our audience.
|Hegemony | I like it but I don't know how we would include it unless its a civic.
220 A.D|Woodblock printing |
600 B.C |Mahajanapada | We can put their cultural wonders and main discoveries here.
600 B.C|Amphora |
After Mineralogy | Gemcutting |renamed Lapidary . Indian literature dated about 2300 B.C. refers to manikyam. Because mani is a term to describe a sphere or bead it appears that some form of gem cutting was practiced that early. Bapu Majajan, a contemporary Indian gemologist and Fellow of the Gemmological Association of Great Britain, feels that these and later references, (about 400 B.C.,) to gemstones in India show that gem cutting, including a rude form of faceting, had its origins in that country. It goes without saying that the more famous transparent gems, ruby, sapphire, spinel, emerald and garnet, appeared in many different forms; all the work of advanced gemcutters. Note: Jewerly Store is in Prehistoric but we would need a Gem Store. This is very important for India and the Middle East. I would put this after Minerology, I know some Wonders we can have, including Greek, Roman, Indian, and Chinese.
