Brooks v. City of Seattle
In November 2004, an officer pulled over Malaika Brooks, who was sevenmonths
pregnant, for driving 32 miles per hour in a 20-miles-per-hour school zone
while dropping her son off at Seattles African American Academy. The officer
gave Brooks a notice of infraction, which she agreed to accept but refused to sign,
objecting that she had not been speeding and, when a second officer arrived, doubting
his assertion that signing was not an admission of guilt. After exchang[ing] heated
words, the officer lied to Brooks by saying that if she did not sign the notice, she would go to jail.
A third officer then arrived and told Brooks she was under arrest.
When she asked why, the officer did not respond. Instead, the officer unholstered
his taser and asked Brooks if she knew what it was. After replying that she did
not, Brooks told the officers that she needed to use the restroom, adding, Im less
than 60 days from having my baby. The three male officers ignored Brookss
request to use the bathroom (which obviously would have served their goal of her
exiting the car) and instead discussed how to go about tasing her. All the while,
[the officer holding the taser] appeared to be very agitated and continued yelling
at Brooks . . . . This frightened her.
After Brooks stated she did not know what the taser was, one officer opened
the car door, removed the keys from the ignition and dropped them on the car floor,
and grabbed Brookss arm, twisting it behind her back while another officer sparked
his taser as a demonstration. Brooks stiffened her body and, with her free hand,
clutched the steering wheel, frustrating the officers attempt to remove her.
The officer continued to twist Brookss arm behind her back while the other
officer, twenty-seven seconds after demonstrating the taser, deployed it in drivestun
mode against her thigh. In the span of forty-two seconds, the officers tased
Brooks in her thigh, arm, and, most dangerously, neck, during which time Brooks
cried, screamed in pain, and banged her hand against the car horn. After the third
tase, Brooks slumped over in her car. The officers dragged her out of the car and
on to the ground, laying Brooks on her stomach and handcuffing her hands
behind her back. As a result of the encounter, Brooks suffered extreme pain,
permanent burn scars, a rapid heartbeat that concerned the examining doctor
later that day, and, in all likelihood, emotional pain.
The district court denied defendant officers summary judgment, but the Ninth
Circuit panel reversed, finding that there was no Fourth Amendment violation
and stating that the force used, because the taser was deployed in drive-stun mode,
not dart mode as in Bryan, was less than . . . intermediate. The appellate panel
was dismissive of Brookss injuries, stating that tasers in drive-stun mode cause
temporary, localized pain only, mentioning Brookss permanent scarring only to
deem her injuries far less serious than those suffered by Carl Bryan,and ignoring
the question of how her pregnancy factors into the reasonableness analysis of taser
use. In its Graham analysis, the panel further displayed many of the pro-defendant
biases discussed in Part II, several of which were ameliorated in the en banc opinion
but reemphasized in the en banc dissent, as discussed below in Part IV.B.