As president of the Water Defence Committee in Iquitos, created to address threats to the region’s rivers, he says their goal is to end pollution in the Nanay. “Many leaders and neighbours who live in the basin live threatened and afraid in their own communities,” Manuyama says. “We hope we don’t go through the same thing.”
In recent years, illegal mining has expanded rapidly throughout Peru’s Loreto region as
miners have become emboldened by the absence of authorities and rising
gold prices. The activity has affected the quality of water, bringing the threat of pollution and disease to more than 170,000 Indigenous inhabitants across the Peruvian Amazon.
Illegal mining is damaging Peru’s rivers
Dredgers have been found in several rivers across the region, including the Marañón, Napo, Putumayo and Nanay rivers, says Abel Chiroque Becerra, head of Loreto’s ombudsman’s office. The current situation has been exacerbated by a lack of opportunities for residents and neglect by the Peruvian state, he says.
Protected areas and Indigenous reserves have been heavily affected. “It is a great concern because of the pressure on our rivers,” says one Kichwa Indigenous leader who wishes to remain anonymous. “As they continue to pollute the rivers, they bring diseases because people consume the fish.”
A recent
report from the Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP) has exposed the scale and impact of illegal gold mining in Peru’s Loreto region. More than 11 large rivers are affected by illegal mining, it found, covering three protected natural areas and 31 Indigenous territories.
The Nanay basin, which supplies drinking water to almost
half a million people in Iquitos, the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon, has been most heavily damaged, with more than three times as many mining sites as on the other 10 rivers combined. Between 2021 and July 2023, the report says, 122 cases of illegal mining were identified along the river.
“For the first time, we now have a good idea about what is happening in the north of Peru, especially the Nanay,” says Matt Finer, director of MAAP.
As pressure mounts over the activity, Becerra has urged the regional government to address the increase in mining and strengthen state action. “The regional government must express its true capacity to intervene in the fight against illegal mining so that the executive or national government assumes responsibility,” he says.
The authorities have failed to clear hundreds of illegal miners within three protected areas, including in the Yaguas national park, which covers 868,000 hectares (2,145,000 acres) of tropical forest and is home to 29 Indigenous communities.
It is estimated that 550 fish species and up to 65% of Peru’s freshwater fish live in the park’s waters, including key migratory catfish.
In response to these threats, the Kichwa leader and other Indigenous peoples have taken matters into their own hands, creating independent monitoring groups to oversee and protect their territories.
Communities have learned to employ technology to identify threats and report environmental crimes in collaboration with
Orpio, the organisation of Indigenous people of Peru’s eastern Amazon, an ecological monitoring programme.
“We monitor not only the rivers but also illegal logging, burning, invasions and
drug trafficking,” the Kichwa leader says. “We see where people are causing an impact on communities, such as the presence of mining, and we try to control it.”
But those fighting the criminals face considerable danger.
The Kichwa leader is one of many environmental defenders to have faced intimidation and threats from illegal miners while patrolling the region. “When we filed complaints, I received threats from the miners because they could no longer work freely or easily enter communities,” they say. “They told me I had to withdraw the complaints from the prosecutor’s office.
“Other colleagues have been threatened by weapons, and that presented a real fear for me and my family.”
The Loreto region, which covers almost a third of Peru’s territory and borders Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil, is considered one of the world’s most biologically diverse regions. It accounts for only 5% of the Amazon basin by area
but harbours up to 40% of its terrestrial vertebrate species and has the largest peat deposits in the basin.
Manuyama says: “The mining has had a devastating impact on our environment. The forest is already depredated and mortally wounded. Illegal mining will destroy the Amazon’s fragile ecosystem, which is serious for the world.”
The mining in the region is artisanal, an intensive operation that studies show worsens water quality, disrupts the natural flow of water, and pollutes rivers and streams with high concentrations of mercury. Environmentalists and biologists fear this activity will damage aquatic ecosystems and threaten the food security of Indigenous communities who depend on these rivers.
Andrea Buitrago, director of the Foundation for Conservation and Sustainable Development
(FCDS) in Peru, says the toxic metal leaches into the Amazon’s watercourses, “poisoning Indigenous communities in the region and local populations that consume the contaminated fish”.
Although there have been few studies on levels of contamination in Loreto’s waters, researchers farther south in Peru’s Madre de Dios region have been able to document the
widespread and severe impacts of artisanal mining on local livelihoods and the environment.
Corine Vriesendorp, an ecologist at the Field Museum in Chicago and director of its Andes-Amazon programme, says: “Mercury is showing up in the leaves of canopy trees and the bodies of howler monkeys,” adding that the metal “quickly becomes pervasive and has real human-health impacts.”
Vriesendorp believes the proliferation of illegal mining in Nanay shows how complex the situation has become. “It is in the back yard of Iquitos, which is where the regional government is, and the fact that they have not been able to control it, recognising that it is fundamental for the wellbeing of everyone who lives there, suggests this is a massive challenge,” she says.
In Allpahuayo-Mishana national reserve, which MAAP says has also been affected by illegal mining,
Sernanp, Peru’s authority for protected natural areas, has trained park rangers in surveillance and other conservation strategies to prevent illegal mining.
Herman Ruíz Abecasis, the reserve’s director, says: “We have been supporting joint actions to fight against illegal mining on the Nanay River, providing the necessary support within our institutional reach.”
During an environmental summit in August, Peru’s president, Dina Boluarte, and the Brazilian president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva,
agreed to protect the Amazon and its Indigenous inhabitants from the climate crisis, ecological devastation and crime.
At the end of the two-day meeting, Amazonian leaders signed the
Belém Declaration, which includes a commitment to combat illegal mining and strengthen regional and international cooperation. However, critics said the declaration was much weaker than hoped.
“This is a force that is totally beyond what governments are capable of taking on and what local people are taking on,” Vriesendorp says.
“Drugs, arms, timber and other illegal economies in the Amazon tend to be quite connected, and they are run by armed groups and actors. It’s very hard as an individual, whether you are a park guard or community president, to take those things on. We have to attack the root drivers of this demand.”