Newsworthy Science

Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.211926

This is cool. Soon the people looking for magic mushrooms for larger than life experiences can be warned about the possible dangers by the same mushrooms. Maybe they'll even develop an interest in electronics.
 
Our transducer, designed and built at U-M, delivers high amplitude microsecond-length ultrasound pulses—acoustic cavitation—to focus on the tumor specifically to break it up," Xu said. "Traditional ultrasound devices use lower amplitude pulses for imaging."

The microsecond long pulses from UM's transducer generate microbubbles within the targeted tissues—bubbles that rapidly expand and collapse. These violent but extremely localized mechanical stresses kill cancer cells and break up the tumor's structure.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-tumors-partially-dont.html
 
Sshh! Your Sweater Can Hear You

Now there’s a fiber that can hear speech. That’s good and bad.

IN A BREAKTHROUGH that could have far-reaching implications for fashion, healthcare, law enforcement and even espionage, scientists have developed a remarkable new fiber that can hear and transmit sound, including human speech.

In a report in the journal Nature, a group of scientists working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and various other prestigious universities reveal that they have perfected a fabric that operates as “a sensitive audible microphone while retaining the traditional qualities of fabrics, such as machine washability and draping.”

Without going into too much detail about the “elastomeric cladding that concentrates the mechanical stress in a piezocomposite layer with a high piezoelectric charge coefficient,” let’s just say that the acoustic fabric, unobtrusively woven into a sweater or skirt or pair of socks, doubles as an ear and might conceivably be used to monitor a person’s heartbeat or aid with hearing. That would certainly be an improvement over the maladroit devices that exist today. There is more. Though the scientists do not discuss this application, it is logical to assume that acoustic fibers deftly concealed in designer label suits could be used to listen in on mobsters’ conversations and help put hit men, drug dealers and corrupt union leaders in the slammer. This would be far more effective and less expensive than using wiretaps or hiring informants. The fibers could also be used to spy on America’s most nefarious adversaries overseas, who often wear cheap T-shirts that could easily be kitted out with surveillance fabrics.

That’s the upside to the advance. But then, as civil libertarians will immediately start grumbling, there is the downside. What is to prevent parents from spying on their duplicitous teenagers by tracking their movements and conversations through the sensitive acoustic fibers planted in their hoodies? What is to prevent duplicitous teenagers from tracking their parents so that they can get all the controlled substances out of the way before Mom and Dad get home?

Parents already plant spyware in their kids’ computers. But are we ready for a world where parents spy on their kids through their Steph Curry or Ed Sheeran T-shirts? Or where parents monitor the nanny with a pair of acoustically sensitive yoga pants? It gets worse. What happens when courts have to decide whether the lyrics to a new song about growing up bored in New Jersey are the original work of a talented young songwriter or material stolen by eavesdropping on Bruce Springsteen, lounging in his bathrobe and working on “Wendy from Weehawken”?

What happens when scamsters start harvesting aging frat boys’ passwords and credit card numbers via acoustic fibers woven into their sleeveless sweaters? Or when front-running scoundrels start dumping Treasurys after monitoring Warren Buffett’s conversations through the fibers in his argyle socks?


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Or consider this: Baseball is still trying to live down the scandal when the Houston Astros won the World Series thanks to an elaborate sign-stealing ploy. Once the Astros realize they can steal the Los Angeles Dodgers’ signs by using Clayton Kershaw’s uniform to listen to his conversations with his catcher, the national pastime will lose what little credibility it has left. And thanks to snooping shoulder pads, the New England Patriots can always know when the safety blitzes are coming.

Eavesdropping evening gowns and slinky surveillance sarongs may sound great the first time you hear about them, but do any of us want to live in a world where our laundry itself might be listening in on our conversations? It’s bad enough that our personal assistants and laptops and cellphones are keeping tabs on us. Do we really want to be held hostage by our pajamas?

MOVING TARGETS
JOE QUEENAN
 
Sshh! Your Sweater Can Hear You

Now there’s a fiber that can hear speech. That’s good and bad.

Is there really much of a difference between a concealed small microphone and a fabric microphone? My guess would be that the recording electronics and the battery would be the most bulky parts, anyway.
 
From the link:
Continuous satellite observations, which started at the end of the 1970s, indicate marked decreases in Arctic sea ice over the satellite era, which is consistent with the global warming trend. In contrast, small but increasing trends have been observed, especially over the period 1979–2014, in the Southern Hemisphere. Furthermore, while climate models are able to broadly reproduce the observed Arctic sea-ice decreases, the majority of them are not able to capture the Antarctic sea-ice expansion over the period 1979–2014.

Over a certain period of time, Southern Ocean cooling and associated atmospheric and oceanic circulation changes linked to natural variability in the tropics may temporarily outweigh the opposing human-induced changes, thus resulting in temporary sea ice expansion. However, it does not explain the model-observation discrepancy.
They are still trying to figure out what's going on. In any case it is not stopping the break up of major glaciers.
 
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04643-y
Here we examine how this shift away from in-person interaction affects innovation, which relies on collaborative idea generation as the foundation of commercial and scientific progress3. In a laboratory study and a field experiment across five countries (in Europe, the Middle East and South Asia), we show that videoconferencing inhibits the production of creative ideas.
[...]
Specifically, using eye-gaze and recall measures, as well as latent semantic analysis, we demonstrate that videoconferencing hampers idea generation because it focuses communicators on a screen, which prompts a narrower cognitive focus. Our results suggest that virtual interaction comes with a cognitive cost for creative idea generation.

Better sit together and have a better beer ^^.
 
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One might imagine text (where your attention is only on the screen while reading and typing) might then favor greater creativity, at the cost of being somewhat slower.

And it would be interesting to see how this plays out with eye-to-eye averse employees (eg, autistic people and people from culture where eye contact is considered rude), who likely *are* in fact trying hard to look everywhere but at their colleague's face.
 
From New Scientist

People with obesity lost 24 kilograms on average when they were treated with the highest dose of a new hunger-blocking drug in a large clinical trial. “It’s really exciting. The weight loss they’re showing is dramatic – it’s as much as you get with successful bariatric surgery,” says Michael Cowley at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, who wasn’t involved in the research. The drug used, called tirzepatide, combines synthetic mimics of two hormones known as GLP-1 and GIP that our guts naturally release after we eat to make us feel full.

In a late-stage clinical trial, more than 2500 people in nine countries, who weighed 105 kilograms on average at baseline, were asked to give themselves weekly injections of tirzepatide at low, medium or high doses or a placebo for 72 weeks, without knowing which one they were taking. The highest dose of tirzepatide was most effective, resulting in 24 kilograms of weight loss on average, equivalent to a 22.5 per cent reduction in body weight. In comparison, participants taking the placebo lost just 2 kilograms on average. The results were announced on 28 April by US pharmaceutical giant Lilly, which is developing the drug.

In June 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved another obesity drug called semaglutide, which contains a GLP-1 mimic on its own, without the addition of GIP. Semaglutide also promotes weight loss, but by about 15 per cent on average, suggesting that the added GIP component in tirzepatide gives an extra boost, says Cowley. Like semaglutide, tirzepatide can trigger side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation that seem worse at higher doses. However, doctors’ experience with semaglutide has revealed that starting patients on low doses and gradually increasing them can avoid these side effects, and the same may be true for tirzepatide, says Joseph Proietto at the University of Melbourne in Australia.

One advantage of obesity drugs is that they can be discontinued if necessary, says Proietto. “The downside of bariatric surgery is that you can never ever have a normal meal again, not even for a special occasion,” he says. “With medication, you can still do this.” Then again, a drawback of drugs like tirzepatide and semaglutide is that they would have to be administered on an ongoing basis, whereas “once surgery is done, it’s done”, says Cowley. “It’s really a discussion between an individual and their physician about which option is right for them, but it’s terrific that there’s now another option out there,” he says.

Before applying for approval for the drug, Lilly says it will continue to monitor participants who began the clinical trial with pre-diabetes for another 104 weeks to see if tirzepatide is also useful for preventing type 2 diabetes.
 
MIND & MATTER
SUSAN PINKER

How Children Use Conflict to Win Popularity

IF YOU’VE EVER watched someone start an argument just to win it, then you’ve witnessed a maneuver the person has likely been honing since third grade. Stirring up conflict is how some young children manage to achieve top-dog status, according to a study recently published in the journal Personality and Individual Differences. The idea that aggression can stoke a certain popularity isn’t new, says Brett Laursen, the lead author and a psychology professor at Florida Atlantic University. But the study showed a pattern among schoolchildren that stemmed from aggressors creating repeated conflicts; classmates would often submit rather than engage.

When researchers use the term “popularity” to describe the type of status involved, it’s not the usual connotation. “We don’t mean that other kids really like these kids,” said Dr. Laursen. “It’s more a sign of dominance. Popular kids set standards and control resources, like who sits next to you at lunch, or who gets invited to your birthday party, or who pays attention to you.” Aggression doesn’t necessarily mean using physical force, he said. “Always hitting other kids can backfire. It’s much safer to use conflict—without hitting—to get others to back down…You just need disagreements where people demonstrate their fealty to you, because they’re afraid of what might happen.” Yet being aggressive in order to climb the social ladder doesn’t work for everyone, he added. “That’s the head scratcher.”

To explore the issue, Dr. Laursen, working with doctoral candidates Michael Yoho and Sharon Faur, asked 356 elementary-school students—all third-, fourth- and fifth-graders—to fill out detailed questionnaires near the beginning of their fall semester. The kids were queried about their opinions and beliefs, and about how many disagreements they’d had the day before and with whom. They were asked to nominate classmates who “talk bad about others behind their backs,” who “get into trouble at school, or who “hit, push or shove others.” There were also questions about who the students would choose to spend time with or avoid. Thus, the researchers got an overview of the social dynamics of each class near the beginning of the year. At the end of the semester, the researchers asked the same students to complete the questionnaires again.

The results showed that children who maintained a frequent pattern of aggression had raised their status at the end of the term, while those who didn’t continue their confrontational behavior failed to get the popularity boost. In short, a small number of students in each grade kept initiating disagreement, presumably with the intention to command respect. Dr. Laursen added, “Most of these disagreements were not big arguments, but rather displays of dominance, say, overruling someone’s suggestion, just to let others know who’s the boss.”


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What sets these students apart is their tendency to “think strategically about manipulating others,” suggested Dr. Laursen, adding that it’s likely a lasting trait. “For people who care about their status, a disagreement is never just a disagreement. Whether you’re 15 or 50, everything is an exercise in maintaining and improving popularity.”

Other research has shown that such belligerent behavior, rather than being penalized, is rewarded even more at older ages. That may paint a bleak picture of our social world, but at least it describes only a small cohort of people. As Dr. Laursen points out, society tends to rely on pecking orders of one kind or another. Perhaps some of these younger toughs will yet have time to find less combative ways to rise in status. We can only hope.
 
Exactly my thoughts.
 
Sun cream is really bad for coral reefs

A common but controversial sunscreen ingredient that is thought to harm corals might do so because of a chemical reaction that causes it to damage cells in the presence of ultraviolet light.

Researchers have discovered that sea anemones, which are similar to corals, make the molecule oxybenzone water-soluble by tacking a sugar onto it. This inadvertently turns oxybenzone into a molecule that — instead of blocking UV light — is activated by sunlight to produce free radicals that can bleach and kill corals. “This metabolic pathway that is meant to detoxify is actually making a toxin,” says Djordje Vuckovic, an environmental engineer at Stanford University in California, who was part of the research team. The animals “convert a sunscreen into something that’s essentially the opposite of a sunscreen”.

Oxybenzone is the sun-blocking agent in many suncreams. Its chemical structure causes it to absorb UV rays, preventing damage to skin cells. But it has attracted controversy in recent years after studies reported that it can damage coral DNA, interfere with their endocrine systems and cause deformities in their larvae. These concerns have led to some beaches in Hawaii, Palau and the US Virgin Islands, banning oxybenzone-containing sunscreens. Last year, the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a committee to review the science on sunscreen chemicals in aquatic ecosystems; its report is expected in the next few months.​
 
I already knew sunscreen was bad for coral — though I couldn't tell you where I learned that.

That's why I always advised my Red Sea dive-students to wear a T-shirt or swim-shirt as UV protection between dives, rather than slapping on the Factor-30.

(Most sunscreens, being mineral-oil-based, are not that great for neoprene, either...)
 
https://neurosciencenews.com/diet-longevity-20531/



Cutting Calories and Eating at the Right Time of Day Leads to Longer Life in Mice
FeaturedNeuroscience
·May 5, 2022

Summary: Restricting calories and eating only during the most active part of the day helped extend the lifespan of mice.

Source: HHMI

One recipe for longevity is simple, if not easy to follow: eat less. Studies in a variety of animals have shown that restricting calories can lead to a longer, healthier life.

Now, new research suggests that the body’s daily rhythms play a big part in this longevity effect. Eating only during their most active time of day substantially extended the lifespan of mice on a reduced-calorie diet, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator Joseph Takahashi and colleagues report May 5, 2022, in the journal Science.

In his team’s study of hundreds of mice over four years, a reduced-calorie diet alone extended the animals’ lives by 10 percent. But feeding mice the diet only at nighttime, when mice are most active, extended life by 35 percent. That combo—a reduced-calorie diet plus a nighttime eating schedule—tacked on an extra nine months to the animals’ typical two-year median lifespan. For people, an analogous plan would restrict eating to daytime hours.

Restrict calories + eat during 'active hours' for lifespan benefits
 
The United States electricity sector reached an important milestone in April, when wind and solar energy accounted for 20% of electricity generation for the first time in history, according to the London-based global energy think tank Ember.

The 20% figure is noteworthy because the International Energy Agency calculates that to avert catastrophic climate change, wind and solar energy need to reach one-fifth of global energy production by 2025.

U.S. wind and solar energy production typically reaches its highest annual output in April. Spring is the windiest time of year on average, and the sun shines strongest in the spring and summer. Last April, wind and solar accounted for 17% of U.S. electricity, which was the all-time high until last month.

U.S. wind and solar energy have grown dramatically in recent years, primarily due to dropping costs. For 2021 as a whole, wind and solar created 14% of U.S. electricity, up from just 6% in 2015.
 
Bats buzz like hornets to scare off owl predators

Alarming impression is first known case of a mammal copying an insect to deter hostile species.

Some bats can imitate the sound of buzzing hornets to scare off owls, researchers say. The discovery is the first documented case of a mammal mimicking an insect to deter predators.

Many animals copy other creatures in a bid to make themselves seem less palatable to predators. Most of these imitations are visual. North America’s non-venomous scarlet kingsnake (Lampropeltis elapsoides), for instance, has evolved to have similar colour-coding to the decidedly more dangerous eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius).

Now, a study comparing the behaviour of owls exposed to insect and bat noises suggests that greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) might be among the few animals to have weaponized another species’ sound, says co-author Danilo Russo, an animal ecologist at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy.

“When we think of mimicry, the first thing that comes to mind is colour, but in this case, it is sound that plays a crucial role,” he adds. The research was published on 9 May in Current Biology.
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Spoiler Legend :
Figure 1. Structural resemblance between bat and hymenopteran buzzes, and behavioural responses of owls towards buzzes and control stimuli.

(A) Oscillogram (upper row) and spectrogram (lower row) of buzzes emitted by distressed (i) European hornets (Vespa crabro), and (ii) Greater mouse eared bats (Myotis myotis); the dashed vertical line indicates species separation. (B,C) Behavioural responses by 16 captive owls (Tyto alba, n = 8; Strix aluco, n = 8) to the playback of four acoustic stimuli (Am: buzz of domestic bee Apis mellifera; Ctrl: control stimulus, a social call by European free-tailed bat Tadarida teniotis; Mm: distress buzz of Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis; Vc: buzz of European hornet Vespa crabro), separately for experienced (n = 8) and ‘naïve’ (n = 8) individuals. Scored behaviours include both quantitative responses (B) and occurrence rates (C). Statistical significance of post-hoc pairwise comparisons between Control and each other stimulus: ∗: p < 0.05; ∗∗: p < 0.01; n.s.: non-significant.


Paper Writeup
 
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