It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view.
We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence, in order to free the oppressed nations of Asia from Japanese imperialistic conquests. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice is done to others it will not be done to us. The programmae of the world's peace, therefore, is our programmae; and that programmae, the only possible programmae, as we see it, is this:
I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. This means one thing: No nation should already be prepared for war unless their promise of peace is threatened. And under no circumstances, shall a nation invade another without formal declaration of war.
V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
VI. The evacuation of all Japanese territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Japan as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Japan by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. Japan will not be forced to dethrone her emperor but will be given complete freedom of government.
VII. China, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and royal families restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. However, no Chinese will be forced to suffer the imperial monarchy as in the past, and those unwilling will be formed as Republic of China.
VIII. All Korean territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to them by Japan, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly two decades, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of China should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
X. The peoples of Tibet, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
XI. Philippines should be evacuated; occupied territories restored to Spain; Spain accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Asiatic nations to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Asiatic nations should be entered into.
XIII. All European nations should remove their military presence from nations in Asia and let them govern themselves and may only aid them through economic means. This will be an act of voluntary sacrifice and no Asian countries will be indebted to outside power for this purpose. And furthermore, all recognized nations of the world are to be granted their full rights to exercise sovereignty and their borders not interjected without just cause.
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end.
For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this programmae does remove. We have no jealousy of Japanese greatness, and there is nothing in this programmae that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinctions of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable.
We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world, -- the new world, in which we now live, -- instead of a place of mastery.
