TIL:
WORD ON THE STREET
From Early Sci-Fi to The Online Nuisances Of Today
[Bot]
TESLA CEO Elon Musk has placed his acquisition of Twitter “on hold” until the social media giant clarifies how many of its accounts are autonomous “bots,” or fake accounts designed to mimic human behavior. The wrangling over the bot issue has led many to wonder whether Mr. Musk is trying to drive down the price of the company or walk away from his offer.
On Twitter, many “bots” are entirely benign: They can be set up to automate various tasks, such as posting top news stories. There are even bots that promote self-care and combat online bullying. But the bots Mr. Musk is concerned about engage in deceptive or harmful activities, such as spreading unwanted spam and misinformation, sometimes with the goal of inciting violence or interfering with elections.
The bad reputation of bots isn’t surprising, considering the checkered legacy of the term from which “bot” derives: “robot.” Last year marked the 100th anniversary of the public debut of “robot,” a word introduced by the Czech writer Karel Čapek in his science-fiction play “R.U.R.,” short for “Rossum’s Universal Robots.” The play, which premiered in Prague on Jan. 25, 1921, tells the story of a factory that creates artificial workers or “roboti.” These mechanical workers eventually start a rebellion that leads to the extinction of the human race.
Čapek’s coinage was based on a pre-existing Czech word, “robota,” which could mean “forced labor” or “drudgery,” in turn from a Slavic root, “rabu,” meaning “slave.” While the play was written in Czech, Čapek’s original publication in 1920 provided the subtitle of “Rossum’s Universal Robots” in English. The expression spread quickly when the play’s English translation made its debut in 1922. The New York Times ex- plained the plot: “Later the robots organize and wage a war against the people, during which the robots destroy all human beings.”
The Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction, an online resource edited by Jesse Sheidlower, documents the evolution of “robot” and its many lexical spinoffs. As robotic characters became regular features in American science fiction, Isaac Asimov did much to popularize the term in his stories from the 1940s collected in “I, Robot.” Asimov codified the “Three Laws of Robotics” governing the actions of robots in his fiction, which also features the protagonist Susan Calvin, a “robopsychologist.” (That is a human psychologist who studies robots, not a robotic psychologist.)
Other science-fiction writers got in on the robo-coinages. A. E. van Vogt wrote of “roboplanes” in 1945, and Poul Anderson offered “robocomputers” in 1949. “Robocop,” for a robotic police officer, dates to a 1957 Harlan Ellison story, three decades before the dystopian movie of the same name.
Clipping “robot” from the other direction, “bot” made its earliest known appearance in Richard C. Meredith’s story “We All Died at Breakaway Station,” published in the magazine Amazing Stories in 1969. Meredith wrote of “’bots” (with an apostrophe) as a kind of nickname, but “bot” soon became a popular shortening— sometimes working as a suffix, as in “fembot” for a robot with a feminine appearance (appearing in a 1976 review of the TV show “The Bionic Woman”).
JAMES YANG
Real-world robotics introduced such terms as “nanobot” for a very small self-propelled machine. Automated computer programs for specific tasks got the “bot” label starting around 1990, with programs designed to simulate conversations called “chatterbots” or “chatbots.” Malicious “spambots” soon became the bane of email, online forums, and eventually Twitter. Spammers may employ a “botnet,” or a network of “zombie” computers infected with malicious software. These days, bots designed with ill intent far outnumber innocuous ones—though perhaps in the future good bots can be organized to combat the bad bots.