1) Take a right angled triangle (one with a 90 degree angle in it). The side opposite the right angle is always the longest and is called the Hypoteneuse (H).
2) We can pick either of the two other angles to work with when we make a calculation. Whichever one we pick, the angle is made by the Hypoteneuse and a side that we refer to as the Adjacent (A). The remaining side is called the Opposite (O). Note that these labels (O & A) change around depending on which angle you are using.
3) The trigonometric functions that let us utilise these sides and angles are Sine (sin), Cosine (cos) and Tangent (tan). You won't have to know how to work these out, because they are helpful little buttons on your calculator.
Silly old Harry is my favourite way of remembering how the letters are laid out in the three basic trig formulae: SOH CAH TOA. Some people just remember the word sohcahtoa.
To work out any unknown, you need any 2 knowns: let's take SOH as an example:
S) You know the Hypoteneuse (H) and one other side (which will be O). You can work out the sine of the angle Opposite these two sides by dividing O by H. To find out what the angle actually is, do the division, then press the inverse sine button (sin^-1) - it might be that you have to use Shift+sin. Sine of angle = O/H, angle = sin^-1 (O/H)
O) You know An angle and the Hyponeneuse. You can work out the length of the Opposite side by taking the sine of the angle (enter the angle in calculator and press sin) and multiplying it by H. O= sin(angle)*H
H) You know an angle and the Opposite side. To determine the length of the Hyp, divide the length of the Opposite by the sine of the angle. How to do this will vary with your calculator, on mine I enter the Length, press divide and then enter the angle and press sin (without pressing =) this converts the angle into it's sine value, then I press = to complete the division and obtain the desired Length of H. H=O/sin(angle)