What makes an attack a Terrorist attack?

There simply is not a definition which includes all the acts we call "terrorism" but excludes much US foreign and military policy which does not rely on excessive and artificial qualifiers like "non-state actor." As if the people being terrorized care whether a government or a crazed Saudi paid for the explosives which tear their family into bloody bits.

To interject, asking for 'definitions' of words, including terrorism, is completely the wrong way to go about things. It betrays a misunderstanding of language. Namely, the meanings of words don't derive from a pre-agreed definition or a priori relationships, they derive from use. A word means what it is used to mean; meaning is created through function.

To further that, it is a futile endeavour to ask for a single set of criteria that link all uses of a word together; such a thing is impossible. It's contrary to how we use words; we don't have definitions and we don't need definitions. At best we can say the different uses of a word, including 'terrorism', bear family resemblance to eachother. But this is a quite different characteristic to rigid, clearly delineated definition.
 
To interject, asking for 'definitions' of words, including terrorism, is completely the wrong way to go about things. It betrays a misunderstanding of language. Namely, the meanings of words don't derive from a pre-agreed definition or a priori relationships, they derive from use. A word means what it is used to mean; meaning is created through function.

To further that, it is a futile endeavour to ask for a single set of criteria that link all uses of a word together; such a thing is impossible. It's contrary to how we use words; we don't have definitions and we don't need definitions. At best we can say the different uses of a word, including 'terrorism', bear family resemblance to eachother. But this is a quite different characteristic to rigid, clearly delineated definition.
Terrorism is simply a means used by those who hold legal power to vilify people who don't, and who have no recourse but violence to gain political change. In today's terms, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin would be considered terrorists. Nelson Mandela was jailed as a terrorist. Their crimes were the perpetration of violence as a last resort, when political enfranchisement had been denied them.

The same thing is true of the people who flew the planes into the WTC. They felt their holy sites were being defiled by the presence of the US Army. The Royals in Saudi Arabia didn't care (and still don't) and the US won't leave the oil reserves far from their own military control. That hasn't changed at all. The complaint still exists. The complaint is still valid. "Terrorism" will continue until those things are not true - no matter how many people you hunt down in the caves of Pakistan.

For all the positive use the term "terrorism" does, it is on the same historic footing as "n---ger." There is simply no way to use the term as an objective descriptor, unless the states which make the accusations admit to being terrorists themselves. Perpetrating violence to instill fear and effect political results...sounds like Iraq, Af-pak, and just about every other piece of western intervention in the M.E. of the last half century. Hell, they even called the opening strategy of the Iraq air campaign "Shock and Awe." That wasn't a reference to the use of terror?

It simply doesn't pass the laugh test if you try to see war - both waged by states and non-state guerilla warriors- from an objective point of view. How killing a few thousand civilians with a couple of jetliners is morally reprehensible while killing several hundred thousand with bombs, missiles and broken infrastructure is seen as "liberation" is a result of propaganda, and it starts with a useless term:
terrorism.
 
Terrorism is simply a means used by those who hold legal power to vilify people who don't, and who have no recourse but violence to gain political change. In today's terms, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin would be considered terrorists. Nelson Mandela was jailed as a terrorist. Their crimes were the perpetration of violence as a last resort, when political enfranchisement had been denied them.

I dont recall George Washington ever being a suicide bomber or killing the civilian populace purposefully.

So, needless to say, I disagree with you in your allegation. Nelson Mandela was jailed as a terrorist because his group was responsible for bombing public buildings like Post Offices and such resulting in civilian death.

Can you point me to an instance where Thomas Jefferson or Ben Franklin did any such thing?

For all the positive use the term "terrorism" does, it is on the same historic footing as "n---ger."

Hehe. Now thats a funny one.

Hell, they even called the opening strategy of the Iraq air campaign "Shock and Awe." That wasn't a reference to the use of terror?

Uhm. Nope.

Nice forum name btw. Love those books.
 
1 - Terrorism doesn't need to target civilians. The attack on the USS Cole has been called terrorism.
2 - The Revolutionaries in the US targeted all kinds of public buildings/institutions held by the British.
3 - Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin were leaders who encouraged the behavior with their speeches and their writings.
AND
4 - You're missing the point - the politically disenfranchised will always take steps the politically empowered will dislike. "Revolutionaries" and "Revolution" have ceased having the negative connotation they had in the 18th century, and hence "terrorist" and "terrorism." The goal is the same, the tactics only differ based on technological availability.

and "hehe" is not a valid refutation of a warranted argument.

So was "shock and awe" designed to make Iraqis feel good or feel afraid? It was the use of violence to instill fear in service of a political agenda. The only reason you don't think of it as "terrorism" is because it's what we did to them.

As to the books: at least we agree on something. ;)
 
mariogreymist said:
Terrorism is simply a means used by those who hold legal power to vilify people who don't, and who have no recourse but violence to gain political change.

That's rubbish. Terrorism is rarely the last resort and it almost never grows organically either. Its usually the exclusive preserve of a radicalized group inside a broader movement.

mariogreymist said:
In today's terms, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin would be considered terrorists.

No, they wouldn't and by what metric do you assert they would.

mariogreymist said:
Nelson Mandela was jailed as a terrorist.

I hate to say it to you but he would probably have been jailed as such by almost any state if he had carried out similar actions. The morality of the act isn't the important part.

mariogreymist said:
Their crimes were the perpetration of violence as a last resort, when political enfranchisement had been denied them.

So you've conflated George Washintgon, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin and Nelson Mandela with Osama Bin Laden? Great sleight of hand.

mariogreymist said:
The same thing is true of the people who flew the planes into the WTC. They felt their holy sites were being defiled by the presence of the US Army. The Royals in Saudi Arabia didn't care (and still don't) and the US won't leave the oil reserves far from their own military control. That hasn't changed at all. The complaint still exists. The complaint is still valid. "Terrorism" will continue until those things are not true - no matter how many people you hunt down in the caves of Pakistan.

Well, hell. You have a minority of irate religious fanatics (and that's what they are) deciding to get offended at something their government, other Muslim governments and the vast majority of Muslims weren't really that bothered by and your willing to equate it to the War of Independence and the Ending of Apartheid. That's quite apart from the frankly disgusting moral implications which you've ascribed to terrorism.

mariogreymist said:
For all the positive use the term "terrorism" does, it is on the same historic footing as "n---ger." There is simply no way to use the term as an objective descriptor, unless the states which make the accusations admit to being terrorists themselves. Perpetrating violence to instill fear and effect political results...sounds like Iraq, Af-pak, and just about every other piece of western intervention in the M.E. of the last half century. Hell, they even called the opening strategy of the Iraq air campaign "Shock and Awe." That wasn't a reference to the use of terror?

That's rubbish as well. I've given you six objective definitions by renowned scholars in the field. It's not materially different to asking economists exactly what economics is. You get different opinions. That doesn't mean the term is completely useless. Most scholars are in broad agreement as to what constitutes terrorism.

mariogreymist said:
It simply doesn't pass the laugh test if you try to see war - both waged by states and non-state guerilla warriors- from an objective point of view. How killing a few thousand civilians with a couple of jetliners is morally reprehensible while killing several hundred thousand with bombs, missiles and broken infrastructure is seen as "liberation" is a result of propaganda, and it starts with a useless term:

Morality has nothing to do with terrorism.

mariogreymist said:
1 - Terrorism doesn't need to target civilians. The attack on the USS Cole has been called terrorism.

It was perpetrated by non-state actors with no standing to launch an attack under international law. By definition it couldn't have been legal.

mariogreymist said:
2 - The Revolutionaries in the US targeted all kinds of public buildings/institutions held by the British.

That was permissible. They wore colors, had a military structure and so forth.

mariogreymist said:
4 - You're missing the point - the politically disenfranchised will always take steps the politically empowered will dislike. "Revolutionaries" and "Revolution" have ceased having the negative connotation they had in the 18th century, and hence "terrorist" and "terrorism." The goal is the same, the tactics only differ based on technological availability.

That's immaterial. I would also like to hear how Jemaah Islamiyah was politically disenfranchised. They could vote. They could found political parties (and have). They could talk to their elected representatives. They were not oppressed. But they still resorted to terrorism without attempting to do any of that. Your whole explanation is framed on a faulty assumption that terrorism arises solely because of political disenfranchisement.
 
That's rubbish. Terrorism is rarely the last resort and it almost never grows organically either. Its usually the exclusive preserve of a radicalized group inside a broader movement.
Like colonialist warfare among the democratically inclined?



No, they wouldn't and by what metric do you assert they would.
They were non-state actors who perpetrated violent acts against the legally recognized government.



I hate to say it to you but he would probably have been jailed as such by almost any state if he had carried out similar actions. The morality of the act isn't the important part.
So what? He's an example that "terrorism" works? Is that your argument?



So you've conflated George Washintgon, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin and Nelson Mandela with Osama Bin Laden? Great sleight of hand.
It's not sleight of hand. What's sleight of hand is convincing people that "they hate our freedom." It's a load of rubbish. People don't undertake suicide attacks without serious aims, which they perceive as potentially attainable by violence.



Well, hell. You have a minority of irate religious fanatics (and that's what they are) deciding to get offended at something their government, other Muslim governments and the vast majority of Muslims weren't really that bothered by and your willing to equate it to the War of Independence and the Ending of Apartheid. That's quite apart from the frankly disgusting moral implications which you've ascribed to terrorism.
1 - I did not "equate" those things. I made a comparison.
2 - And I'd like to see where you're getting your info that a vast majority of Muslims weren't (aren't) bothered by US military presence in KSA. I know a few Muslims, and they generally refuse to even discuss it - I presume because they fear being dragged off without due process.
3 - It's "terrorism" only when they do it. When the US instills terror by way of violence to achieve a political ends, it is "Shock and Awe." And who kills more innocent civilians, btw? If there is anyone on the "immoral" side it's the one defending a term which justifies mass murder. I made no claims as to the morality of the tactics - only that they were understandable given the balance of power, and based on a valid complaint.



That's rubbish as well. I've given you six objective definitions by renowned scholars in the field. It's not materially different to asking economists exactly what economics is. You get different opinions. That doesn't mean the term is completely useless. Most scholars are in broad agreement as to what constitutes terrorism.
1 - Any definition which uses the term "non-state actor" or any synonym, is pure, grade-A BS. It's a term used to reserve the use of violence to recognized powers, and precludes the possibility of self determination in the face of tyranny.
2 - Any definition that does not include "non-state actor" or a synonym ends up including a large number of actions of the US, UK an any number of other countries. These actions are usually undertaken to "combat terrorism." Orwell is rolling in his grave.



Morality has nothing to do with terrorism.
No, it doesn't. So let's exclude morality. Killing 3000 civilians for a political aim, by whatever tactics, is equal to killing 3000 civilians for a political aim. Now...why was 9-11 terrorism? Oh, yeah. They weren't working for a government. :rolleyes:



It was perpetrated by non-state actors with no standing to launch an attack under international law. By definition it couldn't have been legal.
I don't think it's legal that the US invaded Iraq. Or afghanistan, for that matter. The Cole attack was clearly a militia v military engagement - warfare.



That was permissible. They wore colors, had a military structure and so forth.
Huh? The British were incensed by the tactics of the Revolutionaries, who often wore no colors and operated in loosely organized militias. (not all, but many)



That's immaterial. I would also like to hear how Jemaah Islamiyah was politically disenfranchised. They could vote. They could found political parties (and have). They could talk to their elected representatives. They were not oppressed. But they still resorted to terrorism without attempting to do any of that.
I am not all that familiar with that particular group, or the domestic politics of Indonesia. I do think they existed originally as opponents of Suharto, and as such, certainly suffered political disenfranchisement at some point. Whether their access to the political process is improved, I cannot say.

Your whole explanation is framed on a faulty assumption that terrorism arises solely because of political disenfranchisement.
No, You are missing my argument altogether. I am saying that revolutionary action is pejoratively labelled terrorism. The correct term, in a military sense, is "asymmetrical warfare."

Your central problem is you see the tactics, and automatically discount the motives. I can certainly understand the feelings involved in so doing. That doesn't make it a rational argument to attach inflammatory labels to violent political movements or their actions. You may agree or disagree with the motives of Al Qaeda, but the maintenance of cultural identity in the face of global capitalism is certainly an understandable motive to me, even if I think these people are stuck in the 12th century and heading to the 11th.
 
I'm siding with Wilkinson, Sorel and Higgins there there is no single definition, that it probably isn't worth the effort of attempting to define terrorism and that most people when confronted with terrorism can generally differentiate it from say: guerrilla warfare. You can see that uncertainty embodied in the OPs definition: it's so broad that it covers just about everything imaginable and yet it won't be used for every act of war but it will be used against those percieved to be using terrorism.


I honestly don't see what is wrong with my definition. It is borad enough to emcompass all terrorist acts that most people would percieve as being terroristic, and doesn't allow for anything that would not be percieved by the educated as not being a terrorist attack.
 
2 - The Revolutionaries in the US targeted all kinds of public buildings/institutions held by the British.
3 - Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin were leaders who encouraged the behavior with their speeches and their writings.
Do you have any examples of this occurring in an organised or institutional fashion? As far as I can remember, such things where almost always at the hands of independently-operating irregular formations. Noting, of course, that guerrilla tactics do not constitute "terrorism"; they are a legitimate way of waging war, even if the contemporary establishment considered them unsporting.

So was "shock and awe" designed to make Iraqis feel good or feel afraid? It was the use of violence to instill fear in service of a political agenda. The only reason you don't think of it as "terrorism" is because it's what we did to them
That's questionable. "Shock and awe" is arguably a legitimate military tactic, that of demoralising an enemy through a display of force. It only becomes "terrorism" when the threat of violence is used to instigate political change. To what extent that occurred in the Iraq War is very much up for debate.

They were non-state actors who perpetrated violent acts against the legally recognized government.
Incorrect- each of the Thirteen Colonies comprised a sovereign state in it's own right, and was recognised as such by several other states, including the far from irrelevant Kingdoms of France and Spain.

Huh? The British were incensed by the tactics of the Revolutionaries, who often wore no colors and operated in loosely organized militias. (not all, but many)
Irregulars actually comprised a minority of the Continental Army, and, while there legality was questionable by both the contemporary and modern rules of war, they were guerrillas, rather than terrorists, at least the vast majority of the time. "Militias" were an entirely distinct and entirely legal formation, which had no direct connection to the Continental Army. Neither were an exclusively Rebel phenomenon, either, British irregulars have simply been written out of popular history- both the American characterisation of Irregulars and militias as the people risen, and the British characterisation as illegitimate "cheaters" demanded it be the case.
 
I don't think an in-depth analysis of what happened during the American Revolution is necessary or particularly relevant. Not that each of your points can't be adequately refuted, but that doing so will divert the question far afield of the real topic: are the acts commonly labelled "terrorism" simply the mechanics of modern revolutionaries? The world has changed enough that a 1:1 comparison with a revolution which occured over 200 years ago is more or less irrelevant, except for the perception of the acts of the revolutionaries on the part of the legal authority (the British Crown).

In the end, what you call "terrorism" is simply the violent political expression of groups who feel their own governments have failed to protect them from perceived foreign tyranny. Whether you perceive US troops in KSA, or Israeli settlements on the West Bank as tyranny is irrelevant. If someone perceives tyranny, and has no legal recourse against it, they will seek a violent solution. It's part and parcel of self determination - the keystone of democracy. A nation can't claim democracy at home and practice tyranny abroad- when it does, people end up flying planes into buildings.

And I get that many people have no inclination to empathize with suicide bombers and hijackers. Until our policies begin to account for their actual reasons (and not just the "they hate our freedom" lie) the bombings, hijackings and IEDs will continue. The more boots we put on the ground, the more we prove their point. The more countries we enter, the more we demonstrate we are imperial crusaders. That our empire is about petro-dollars and not crosses doesn't make it less an empire. And frankly, the original crusades were at least as much about wealth and land as about religion.
 
I don't think an in-depth analysis of what happened during the American Revolution is necessary or particularly relevant. Not that each of your points can't be adequately refuted, but that doing so will divert the question far afield of the real topic: are the acts commonly labelled "terrorism" simply the mechanics of modern revolutionaries? The world has changed enough that a 1:1 comparison with a revolution which occured over 200 years ago is more or less irrelevant, except for the perception of the acts of the revolutionaries on the part of the legal authority (the British Crown).
You brought it up. If you don't want your clumsy analogies questioned, then do not make them. Don't simply wave your hand and say "no, no, forget that bit".

[Edit: The latter part of the post was added before I realise Mariogreymist had replied.]
 
Yes, but an in depth discussion doesn't fit into the larger argument. You're nit-picking and ignoring the central argument.
And so your questionable rhetoric is rendered very comfortably safe from closer examination. How very neat.

The threat, remember, is about what terrorism actually is, not about econstructing more rhetorical usage. That has it's place, certainly, but is is secondary. If your posts to that effect cloud the heart of the discussion, as your American Revolution analogies do, then they are not what I would consider productive.
 
My failure to respond to a Red Herring is "questionable rhetoric"? You're an idiot.

I will not waste more time on you.
By "questionable rhetoric", I was referring to your claims in reference to the American Revolution. My own questions were the "closer examination" to which I referred. To suggest that such bold claims as the former be held up to the latter is not, I think, unreasonable, however pedantic it may suit you to perceive it as.

But, then, what do I know? I'm an idiot, or so I'm told.
 
1 - Terrorism doesn't need to target civilians. The attack on the USS Cole has been called terrorism.

I dont disagree, but you have yet to submit proof that George Washington did any act even remotely considered terrorism.

2 - The Revolutionaries in the US targeted all kinds of public buildings/institutions held by the British.

Lets not confuse the zealousness of some pissed off civilians with official acts by the provisional american government.

Which act(s) in particular are you referring to? Can you be more specific?

3 - Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin were leaders who encouraged the behavior with their speeches and their writings.

Their 'speeches and writings' didnt encourage terrorism, but rather separation from the monarchy....by armed conflict if need be. However, that armed conflict was committed in large part by the military rules and convention of the day. Identifying uniforms and unit insignia were used, and battles were fought in set piece manner.

4 - You're missing the point - the politically disenfranchised will always take steps the politically empowered will dislike. "Revolutionaries" and "Revolution" have ceased having the negative connotation they had in the 18th century, and hence "terrorist" and "terrorism." The goal is the same, the tactics only differ based on technological availability.

I strongly disagree.

and "hehe" is not a valid refutation of a warranted argument.

Your comment that was in reply to was simply unsupportable, and certainly not a 'warranted argument' by any measure. Your equating 'terrorism' with the racial slur was simply laughable to me, thus my reply.

So was "shock and awe" designed to make Iraqis feel good or feel afraid?

It was only used against troops deployed in the field...not widespread civilian targets. You make it sound like it was the firebombing of Dresden...it wasnt.

It was the use of violence to instill fear in service of a political agenda. The only reason you don't think of it as "terrorism" is because it's what we did to them.

No, I dont think it as terrorism because I dont think waging war against deployed troops on the battlefield is terrorism.

Btw, this may come as a surprise to you, but psyops on the battlefield isnt against the law of war.

Yes, but an in depth discussion doesn't fit into the larger argument. You're nit-picking and ignoring the central argument.

So, when your debate opponents take you to task on issues you bring up to support your arguement (those 'nits' you mention) you accuse us of ignoring the central argument for addressing your own points and calling you out on them? :crazyeye::crazyeye::crazyeye::crazyeye:

Wow.
 
When I say "X is like Y in regards to the perceptions of A" and my opponent says "But conditions P,Q,R and S make them totally different" then it is my opponent, not I who is engaging in bad discourse. I worked for years as a (successful) debate coach. I know good argumentation from bad.

When I suggest that revolutionaries are branded terrorists, and that the American revolutionaries would be so considered today, it wasn't to get into a nit-picking fight about specific actions but a comment about how revolution is perceived and portrayed by the powerful in broader culture. It was clearly stated as such. Arguing about whether the specific actions were terrorism by today's standards is a very winnable argument from my side, but totally irrelevant from the standpoint of upholding the claim, and I won't engage in Red Herrings.

Edit: And let's just gloss over the fact that the comparison came within the same sentence where I identified a modern, successful, democratic revolutionary who spent over 30 years of his life in prison for...drum roll please....TERRORISM.
 
I worked for years as a (successful) debate coach. I know good argumentation from bad.

Hehe. :lol:

Sounds like how people view art. I know good art when I see it. :lol:

Yeah, right.

When I suggest that revolutionaries are branded terrorists, and that the American revolutionaries would be so considered today, it wasn't to get into a nit-picking fight about specific actions but a comment about how revolution is perceived and portrayed by the powerful in broader culture.

You made a controversial statement that is in no way seen as de facto amongst the vast majority. You were asked to support your comments further, except you refuse to and simply complain that your opponents are picking nits.

I dunno....its been a long while since I was in debate club, but accusing your opponents of picking nits wasnt exactly 'good argument' from what I can recall. Ymmv of course.

It was clearly stated as such. Arguing about whether the specific actions were terrorism by today's standards is a very winnable argument from my side,

Then stop complaining about it and WIN IT. Thus far all requests for proofs to back up your allegations have gone unproven and unsupported. Again...not really a great debate winning tactic.

but totally irrelevant from the standpoint of upholding the claim, and I won't engage in Red Herrings.

Following the rev war allegation isnt a red herring and in fact, it was your point to support. You refuse to. /oh well.

Edit: And let's just gloss over the fact that the comparison came within the same sentence where I identified a modern, successful, democratic revolutionary who spent over 30 years of his life in prison for...drum roll please....TERRORISM.

If you refuse to discuss specifics then its pretty easy to claim victory when it actually takes specifics to refute your point. Hope you dont sprain your arm while patting yourself on the back for that, but if you really cant see the differences in the acts of the ANC which included gunning innocent people down in churches, putting the 'neckless' on gov sympathizers, and bombing public offices resulting in innocent civilian death to the army of the American revolution and how it waged war against the redcoats, well, then I cant help ya.

Btw, Mandela went to prison on charges of sabotage which he admitted to, and much regretted later in life and publically stated so.
 
When I say "X is like Y in regards to the perceptions of A" and my opponent says "But conditions P,Q,R and S make them totally different" then it is my opponent, not I who is engaging in bad discourse. I worked for years as a (successful) debate coach. I know good argumentation from bad.

When I suggest that revolutionaries are branded terrorists, and that the American revolutionaries would be so considered today, it wasn't to get into a nit-picking fight about specific actions but a comment about how revolution is perceived and portrayed by the powerful in broader culture. It was clearly stated as such. Arguing about whether the specific actions were terrorism by today's standards is a very winnable argument from my side, but totally irrelevant from the standpoint of upholding the claim, and I won't engage in Red Herrings.
I'm not convinced that forcing you to clarify your shoddy rhetoric qualifies as a "red herring". Or are we simply to take any proclamation you choose to make as inarguably correct, so as not to worry about distracting your grand crusade?

You, as I said, brought the issue up. If you find yourself unable to satisfactorily defend it, then you are merely arguing poorly. But, then, you engage in argument-from-authority fallacies used to be a debate coach, so perhaps sure you know best.
 
Note to onlookers: If you can't use terms like "de facto" correctly, don't use them at all, lest you look that foolish.
 
Note to onlookers: If you can't use terms like "de facto" correctly, don't use them at all, lest you look that foolish.

Ahh...this must be another of your infamous debate coach tactics........defense by grammer nazi 101. :lol:

I guess we're done here. :lol:
 
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