Well I am defining 'transitional' in my paper as the point where a the concerned nation states (Republican Rome & Renaissance England) experienced periods of internal upheaval while muddling about in foreign politics that resulted in their rise/fall in standing (rise in both cases).
For Rome I am arguing that it is at a transitional phase because the Punic Wars, with the exception of the brief dickery that was the Gallic invasion and Phyrrus' attack in earlier centuries, were the first time that Rome had lasting/profound contact with a foreign power of equal/greater stature. The first punic war forced rome to break its mold that saw it succeed in its 'unification' of Italy (foreign govern put in place, a marked departure from its system of alliances in Italy; a navy was created; other things I need my history book in front of me to recount). The second punic war showed Rome that, well, it was not as unified as it originally thought with the defections of Capua and a smattering of Italian allies, and while the rebellious Capuans were not joined by the majority of Campania, Capua had been a longtime Roman ally (granted, not a reliable one) and had prospered during its tenure at Rome's side (at the time it was the first second Rome!). Not to mention Hannibal brought down the Greeks, Gauls, and Syracusans. And let's not get started on Hannibal, the man who
invaded Italy when it had not been truly invaded since the Gauls/Celts came down through Northern Italy and under Brennus' leadership sacked Rome. Hannibal may not have been successful in his campaign's aims (dismantle Rome's system of alliances and subsequently bring it down; he was only partially successful in this, really), and hindsight may cause us to be "Well, Hannibal didn't win the end," but to someone living in Rome during these times, such as Plautus, the prospects of a foreign, capable general (and this time a marginally civilized one, not some stinky Gaul) wandering around Italy with all manners of barbarians, strange warriors, and demon-elephants would certainly be pretty damn scary. It's not unreasonable to say that Plautus & other Romans believed that at any day Rome would be sacked!
By the end of Plautus' life Rome was well along its way to conquering the Mediterranean, which subsequently brought countless foreign peoples under the fold of Rome. I am focusing in on one result of this: a tremendous influx of non-Italian slaves. The clever slave/slaves in general that we see in Plautus' comedies are indicative of the anxiety that Romans no doubt had about the peoples they had working under them. The clever slave's unerring loyalty to his master (even at the defiance of the pater familias or society as a whole) kind of acts as a way for the Romans to pat themselves on the back and reassure themselves that no matter what they, the Roman citizens, would come out on top and needn't fret over the strange slave serving their food. Likewise the disloyal slaves who are ridiculed and laughed at represent the other side of the coin: if a slave is bad he will be punished and man will it be funny.
England is not all that different, really. The states of change/upheaval that went on during Elizabeth's reign are numerous:
- She was a woman
- She ruled over protestants and catholics who did not like each other as much (albeit this manifested in less violent episodes than ealier decades)
- She was deemed a 'bastard' by the Catholic Church and thus unfit to rule, which subsequently brought the ire of Spain and other European powers seeking England
- England, at the time, was emerging from its more medieval state and its economy entering something more money based
- Emergence of a 'middle-class' (whatever that is, but a class of people who were not peasant farmers, not nobles, not established merchant families, but rich nonethelessshakespeare himself is indicative of this development)
I am not as well-versed in Renaissance/English history, but due to my Shakespearean/Miltonic leanings when it comes to literature I know vaguely enough about the era to determine that Shakespeare's servants are remarkable in of themselves. Characters such as Malvolio and Launcelot Gobbo, (and for the others I'd have to grab my notes, but the plays that come to mind are: Comedy of Errors (Menaecmi v2), Two Gentlemen of Verona, Taming of the Shrew, and As You Like It) are pointedly made out to be the joke, or if not that then doggedly follow their masters' orders so that joke can be achieved.
I don't think it to be all that unreasonable to assert that an aspect of the empowerment or ridicule of slaves/servants is born out of the ruling class' need to reassure themselves that despite whatever the social/political changes happen to be, all is well and they (the ruling class) are still on top.
Writing this just helped me plot out my next chapter!
