I was talking not so long ago to a man who was involved with admissions for Oxford University, almost universally regarded as one of the world's top five institutions for higher education. He said that in their admissions they do use a form of affirmative action; if they had two candidates whom they could not seperate except by the fact that one had gone to a grammar school in Cheltenham (foreigners: a very rich town indeed) and one had been to Hovel Road Comprehensive in Peckham (foreigners: don't go there, you'll get stabbed), they will pick the one from Peckham. Their logic, which I think is a good one, was that if you can achieve as much with a poor education as the next man can with a very good one, you clearly have far more natural ability and so will probably be a better student for the university. Furthermore, he said, they have a target of about 70% of their students coming from state schools, but said that considering how 90% of pupils attend them, they weren't going to lower their admissions standards but simply encourage state school pupils to get the application in. That's positive discrimination as a good thing.