1600-1700.
Slowly, but surely, the world was becoming more intertied, and already events in Iberia could to a certain extent influence events in Japan. For now, it still was possible to view the histories of different, distant parts of the world separately, but only barely so. I will not make such an effort, and now write of the world as a whole, from Transoceania through Europe to Japan.
Let us start with Transoceania. Most of it hadn't been influenced by Europe, for the greater part of the 17th century. When it was, the influence was mostly indirect and thus spread slowly, but had enormous consequences, beating the stagnation and social stability out of the Transoceanic civilizations. Let us however view Transoceania as it was before any of this happened, before the world suddenly ran forward brutally mauling itself in the process as it tends to whenever it has to actually get somewhere.
The various Inuit, Cree, Anasazi and other barbaric peoples had barbariously continued to live barbarically as they always had, for the most part, but differences begun to appear along the Mississippi, as the classical struggle of the rising city-state civilization versus nomadic and seminomadic barbarians had started. Though the northern Mississippian cities, such as Cahokia, had long ago declined and were abandoned, in the south now a new revival started around the site that was termed "Moundville" later on. This city saw many great works of native Transoceanic architecture, an elaborate social hierarchy and military, political and economic hegemony over the Lower Mississippi (also called Gichiziibi by some), achieved by numerous campaigns and great battles, and so forth. Its a bit of a shame that it all was eventually destroyed within days.
In Mesica (OOC: Mesoamerica), the neo-Toltec Second Acolhuan Empire of Texcoco ascended. While its enemies were weak, divided or both (most notably, the Tarascan Empire was undergoing a civil war, while rebels threw it out of Mesica altogether, limiting the Tarascans to only Michoacan, though it wasn't too small), the Acolhuans had a strong new army, led, as of 1639, by their great king Ixtlilcoyotl I. Long story cut short, the heirs to the old Toltec civilization fared not much worse than the heirs to the Trojans across the Ocean and centuries ago - subduing with golden carats and lots of sticks called "spears" all of their enemies in multiple campaigns. Ixtlilcoyotl's empire encompassed all of Mesica from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the east to the Balsas and Cutzamala rivers that marked the border with the Tarascans. This was the first stable Mesican empire since the fall of the Aztecs. Unlike the Aztecs, the Acolhuans left no vassal states, though they didn't genocide most of their enemies neither, and allowed some of them to retain their own culture (and indeed, the Acolhuans were notoriously tolerant in regards of religion). Instead, they established a strong, unitary, buerocratic enlightened despotism. Very enlightened - as the Acolhuan kings traditionally patronized the tlamatini philosophers, and built many great temples and libraries (most notably renovating the Great Library of Texcoco built by the great Nezahualcoyotl in the 15th century), and themselves were with few exceptions notable poets. And finally, at the time in Texcoco flourished a primitive monotheistic religion, though only widespread amongst the aristocracy and the new priesthood; mostly a peaceful religion - also originating in the days of Nezahualcoyotl, but declined since then until now - it was in some aspects similar to early Christianity and had an egalitarian and, as already said, peaceful streak that didn't influence neither taxation nor foreign policies of the Acolhuans. It would change into something much more fun later on...
Despite the frequent Carib raids, the northern Mayan city-state of T'ho flourished, uniting all the northern Mayans around it during the reign of Siyah Yax K'uk Mo'. To combat the Caribs and safeguard the flourishing trade with the Arawaks (and through them, with Lower Mississippi and the Chibcha Empire), a great new fleet was assembled and used in a punitive raid against West Cubanacon (OTL Cuba). All the Carib settlements there were put to the sword and the torch, and then and there, the first Mayan oversea colony was established, a fort and a forward trade post. Others would come in time as more and more of West Cubanacon was secured, while the Caribs were crushed by the Mayans and their Arawak allies and eventually driven to extinction, whether dying in battle, starving on small, isolated islands or being worked to death by their enemies (though the mainland Caribs still lingered on, as did those in the far eastern islands (OTL Lesser Antilles) - but in this world, they are mostly considered a different people by the Mayans). The Arawaks themselves set up a primitive tribal kingdom in eastern Cubanacon eventually, in the very late 17th century, having come under Mayan influence and learned much from them. Trade in the Arawak Sea (OTL Carribean Sea) flourished further, as did the exchange of technology - what Chibchas learned from the Incans they transferred across the sea to the Mississippi, while the Mississippians themselves had much to teach the Chibchas about. Some diseases and goods were exchanged as well. And Mayans got the most of it all, ofcourse, having now succesfully become the new middlemen here.
The Chibcha Empire was quite stagnant during it all, despite being shaken up by occasional civil wars, Carib invasions and wars with the Incans (that were ultimately won, as parts of the northernmost Incan territories fell to the Chibchas). The Incans, meanwhile, despite all their occasional misfortunes were generally undergoing a renaissance. The last 16th century saw an inconclusive civil war beetween the north and the south, but in 1607 the forces of the southern emperor Huascar II captured Quito, the northern capital, and thus reunited the empire around Cuzco. Buerocracy was overhauled, and some of the more distant territories were abandoned. The Incan Empire settled down, and thus ofcourse begun to stagnate as well. In the very late 17th century, however, the ripple effects of a certain development will reach the Incans as well, shaking the stability of Tawantinsuyo badly.
On 1669 Anno Domini as they had termed it, strange, pale, red-haired people came from the east in their huge boats that have been sighted nearby before, evidently fishing. They came to a great island off the northeastern coast of North Transoceania (OTL Newfoundland, ofcourse), and established a settlement there, claiming it for themselves and for a man called Columba, apparently - the king of a faraway land (Columba/Columcille I of Ireland, ofcourse). They called the land that they have discovered Affalon, but this name would only stick for the island itself. When European explorers begun arriving in Transoceania in the 18th century and after the initial flurry of "[insertmonarch'snamehere]ias", a neutral, scientific, Latin term was proposed by the Pope and eventually accepted. You've guessed it, "Transoceania", as after all it was beyond an ocean.
But that was all in the future. The fishing settlement/trade outpost that eventually turned into Caer Murchaid was insignificant and minor, with a pretty small population. The Irish had repeated the feat of the Vikings in the 1650s and 1660s, having first retaken West Iceland from the Scotts (to whom they lost it in the previous round of the so-called "Cod Wars"). From there, their fishermen and whalers sailed further west, passing Greenland... and discovering, like the Vikings and the Basques before them, a new world beyond the ocean. They fished near it too, and killed some whales. And then, set up a settlement - after all, it was not too bad a land, and the fish were plentiful. King Columba I was, fortunately, very interested in all this, as he had heard about the Basque fishermen that used to sail far to the west before, and even that they had found a new land. So he ordered an expedition there, to make sure that the new settlement was obedient, provided with the necessary supply of attention and otherwise assisted, while the island they had found is explored. Interesting news returned, and there was much talk about these islands at the court. Some rumours begun reaching further as well...
But before much could be done, the English have invaded Ireland, Columba died fighting, the royal archives burned during the English assault on Dublin, and only one of Columba's children, Prince Murchaid, fled west with some retainers on a few ships he had confiscated in Cork (where he was staying when news came of the disaster at Dublin). As luck would have it, he reached Affalon, and hastily claimed the title of King of Ireland and Affalon there, naming the previously-nameless settlement into Caer Murchaid and declaring it his capital. The fishermen secretly grumbled, but on the other hand both they and even moreso their families felt a certain amount of pride over their, to be honest, village suddenly becoming the capital of the world's greatest kingdom (Irish pride

). Initial fears of an English invasion proved groundless - those few of the English who actually believed in this "Affalon" nonsense dismissed it as being a poor, distant land they really didn't need.
So instead Murchaid sighed with relief and proceeded to slaughter some of those funny natives they've found. They were no fun though, sickly, weak and all that...
Towards 1700, Affalon encompassed all of its island and had a still small, but quickly-growing population. Several new, lesser setlements were established; early expeditions took place to the mainland; Murchaid II ruled supreme. Across the Ocean, while studying the royal archives, a courtier suddenly stumbled upon the mention of a westwards exodus of some of the Irish nobility during the Reconquest and the mention of a far-off western land... He couldn't quite pinpoint it, ofcourse, but remembering how bored King Robert II, he decided to tell him about this. Who knows, maybe he could actually stop ranting about how stupid and corrupt everybody was and instead try and organize some expedition or something...
But I am getting sidetracked. Back in Transoceania, time passed. Very slowly, as the Affalonian merchants ventured out, their goods spread across northern Transoceania, and along with them - technology. A few merchants were killed by some particularily hungry natives, who, however, failed to catch their horses, that happened to be of both genders; miracilously, a few of the horses actually survived and copulated, though noone had domesticated them just yet. Faster, but not the fastest - how extraordinary! - was the spread of rumours across Transoceania, rumours about these very strange pale-faced red-hairs. European diseases that spread just barely ahead of rumours, but destroyed communications in their wake (thus slowing the rumours down), causing great damage to commerce and encouraging social enthropy, and ruining civilizations.
Actually things could've been much worse. Only the Lower Mississippi and Arawak civilizations collapsed, and the former only partially due to diseases, which have weakened them and allowed the desperate nomads to overrun Moundville. Within Mesica, Tarascan Michoacan was shaken, and also attacked by barbarians, but it endured for now. In the Acolhuan Empire things, as promised, got interesting after several members of the royal family, including the king himself, fell to the plague. A civil war ensued, and the winner was the devious high priest (and uncle of the late king) Nezahualcoatl (a most fitting name, as any of you with a workable knowledge of the Nahuatl languages have probably noticed

), who, as high priest, managed to make certain... doctrinal adjustments. While the various pretenders and separatists warred, the high priest and his supporters sat by quietly, and spread their faith amongst the desperate people, gaining much following and influence. The Acolhuan monotheism now evolved into something much more practical and thus - scary, especially when one remembers the conditions elsewhere. It had no human sacrifice, but did demand total obedience to the high priest, who was to become the king at the same time, turning the Acolhuan Empire into a theocracy. Furthermore, the usual monotheistic concept of fighting the heathens and imposing the faith was adapted as well. When the time was ripe, Nezahualcoatl ordered his followers to rise up everywhere, attacking all the pretenders (to all of whom he had separately promised his support beforehand, as they begun to seek it, realizing his great influence amongst the masses) at once, confusing them all and slaughtering them. Those who didn't fall to assassins were buried under the corpses of the inferiorly-trained, but numerous and ferocious fanatics unleashed. Nezahualcoatl didn't reintroduce human sacrifice, but he did make a lovely set of cups from the skulls of the fallen pretenders; they became an important state relic.
Several risings against the new theocracy were put down, rebels were enslaved and herded to build a great new temple to the Lifegiver at Texcoco, barbarian raids were defeated, things were on the move, although an invasion of Michoacan had barely failed.
The Mayans of central and southern Yucatan were beginning to rebuild their cities to a certain extent when the smallpox struck; after that, they never did rise back again. In the north, however, T'ho (quite fortunately, but the advanced hygene and medicine there also was a factor) survived and partially recovered, despite losing some of its outer territories both on Yucatan and on Cubanacon. In fact as of 1698 Mayans had already begun expanding again and set up a trade post in the lands of the Calusa (OTL South Florida) and another in the delta of the Mississippi (the nomads too had much to trade after all).
The Chibchas were shaken. Badly. The disease didn't really hit them all that bad, though their commerce was crippled; but it coincided with the largest Carib invasion, during which Hunza, the second-largest city, was lost to the Caribs, much of its population eaten (well, obviously most were simply slain, but many of the tastier specimens made a meal) and the city burned down. The present emperor himself was killed and consequentially was also eaten; even in death, though, he seems to have saved his empire, as he evidently also had smallpox (perhaps a reason for his suicidal charge at the enemy army with but a few bodyguards). Then again, maybe it was all a pretty legend - contact with smallpox was unavoidable for the Caribs anyway. Regardless, a smallpox epidemic wiped out the Caribs that tried to besiege Bacato; the few survivors were NOT eaten, as the Chibchas were civilized people and had them tortured to death instead (and then, ofcourse, made cups out of their skulls - though Nezahualcoatl's collection still was by far better, consisting of nobler specimens). But the situation was still quite bad, and the Chibcha Empire barely recovered, losing some ground to the Incans and having to fight a drawn-out war with the eastern Carib tribes after a few unsuccesful punitive expeditions exchanged for daring, partially-succesful raids. After that it became a matter of honour, but many resources were wasted for little gain, though several Carib tribes were eventually slaughtered, their ranks weakened by the very same smallpox.
Incans were shaken as well, but not too badly; after a civil war, they recovered, and used Chibcha weakness to regain lost ground (advancing to take OTL Cali and Neiva). However, as corruption is returning into the ranks of Incan buerocracy, the overstretchment once more begins to become a serious problem. But then, ahead of the Incans - and of the entire Transoceania - were far greater problems than anyone could have anticipated back in those days...
It would come from the Old World, and a great percentage of it - from Europe. The early 17th century in Europe was startlingly peaceful. Some peasant risings were put down by the Plantagenets; some feudal feuds in the Holy Roman Empire stopped and resolved by the Emperor; a few brushfire wars and short-lived (due to Imperial intervention) republican revolutions took place in Italy. The Ottomans proved to be quite exceptional; a joint Aragonese-Imperial Mediterranean Fleet (the Imperials built up a jolly good fleet in Venice, putting the renovated Arsenal to good use) defeated the Ottomans at Cythera, although the subsequent invasion of Crete was a failure. The Ottomans and their Tartar vassals (well, alright, subjects - Crimea was altogether subjugated as of 1610, the Crimean Khan becoming a figurehead) skirmished with the Russians, prompting an erection of powerful fortifications on the Russo-Crimean border that kept the raiders at bay, but also meant abandoning plans of invading Crimea for now (not that any of the recent invasions thereof had been very succesful). Russians now carried the war to the Caucasus, where they incited a Georgian rebellion in 1622 and successively defeated the Ottomans in the Battle at Tsebelda (a minor Ottoman fortress that was preventing Russians from reinforcing the rebels in Abkhazia) and at Ts'khinvali, though the Ottomans held on to the key Georgian cities of K'ut'aisi and Tiflis and eventually subdued the rebels. Russians had also consolidated control over Astrakhan and established trade ties with the Quqonids (a Turkic dynasty that united much of Central Asia and Persia, and there waged wars with the Ottomans), as well as an alliance, though the Ottomans held their ground for the most part, winning the Battle at Tabriz (but temporarily losing Ahvaz and with it - Luristan; it was retaken under Sultan Ismail I the Shipbuilder later on). The war went on indecisively, but no peace was signed, if only because the only ones who suffered from the war were some Tartars and Georgians, and who cares about them?
In 1630s, things got slightly more interesting - while the Scotts conquered Iceland and invaded Ireland with initial success (but eventually were defeated there in the disproportionally-famous (the fault of Irish and Affalonian poets and playwrights, ofcourse, most notably the 19th century author of the play "Remember Dundalk") Battle at Dundalk, and in the 1650s also pushed out of Iceland), a major rebellion in Poland was defeated and a series of brushfire Russian and Imperial wars against Kalmar Union took place. Aragon and Iberia clashed as well, the Iberians failing to retake Navarre and losing Euskardi, as well as paying reparations and marrying into the Aragonese royal family, which still dreamed of uniting Iberia one day.
The 1630s (and the period up to 1655; some however believe that it might as well be extended as far as 1680) also saw the resurgence of the Black Death (okay, so technically this was a different and ultimately much less damaging plague, but back then many called it the Black Death or the Second Black Death or the Daughter of Black Death or even the Return of the Black Death. You get the idea). The cause, as always, was overpopulation (OOC: in this world unrelieved by the colonization of America and religious violence back in Europe; the movement of some Irishmen westwards and a few local heresies don't really count). Long story cut short, the overpopulation problem was temporarily resolved; as for Europe, it recovered and to a certain extent benefited, as medicine underwent what was termed the "Great Leap Forward" which at least in part was inspired by these outbreaks. Hygene was improved, and so was architecture (in part because the plague wasn't the only hazard attacking Europe while it remained at peace (as if to stir it into returning to its natural state) - fires were also ridicilously frequent and have been blamed, for the most part, on the heretics, who, for the purpose of saving time, were occasionally just tied to a stake and left near a burning building). Also, though agriculture recovered over time, this had somewhat encouraged the industrial revolution that was beginning at the time (it was catalysed by Albrecht the Great's conquest of Venice; though the defenders tried to sabotage the various factories in the last moment, they weren't always succesful, in particular they had failed to cause any grave damage to the famous Arsenal; and with the help of Venetian collaborators, not only were the city's industries rebuilt, but they were also replicated elsewhere, most notably in Flanders and Bohemia; however, the Imperials had failed to keep as tight a lid on this technology as the Venetians, so by the end of the century the advanced new manufacturies/industries were present, to one extent or another, in all of Europe's great powers).
Of much importance for the middle of the 17th century in Europe is Kaiser Rudolph II.
Rudolph II, the grandson of Albrecht the Great, didn't "stand witness to great amounts of strife within his Empire" as sometimes claimed; or, at least, he was not a mere witness. He provoked that strife quite deliberately by spreading rumours of his centralization plans and making threatening gestures towards the electors. In 1647, some of them tried to rise up, but were immediately preempted and crushed, as were the other rebels within both Germany and Italy. Having greatly undermined the resistance to himself, Rudolph then used these revolts as an excuse to actually carry out him very genuine centralization plans, confiscating numerous strategic territories (most notably Venice, which tried to regain its independence, but failed) and tweaking the balance at Worms in the Kaiser's favour.
After dealing with the internal matters in this manner, Rudolph went on to the foreign affairs. Though formally, a war with the Ottomans was going on, neither side really did much apart from raiding each other's holdings in Hungary; Rudolph decided to negotiate and secured a truce with the Turks, to the disapproval of Tsar Basil/Vasiliy I in Kiev. Then he looked to the west at last. In the west, the Plantagenet Empire was clearly expiring. All the reforms, all the wars with the rebels were to no avail - the "La Manche Monarchy" as it was also called at times was simply too inefficient, especially now that it tried to appease both sides of the La Manche, resultingly failing to further the interests of either. Indeed, by tying England to France and France to England, it immobilized both and prevented them from fulfilling their great potentials. In many ways, what was keeping the Empire together were the Flanders. Neither French nor English and with ties to both, it was unique in the empire. It also strenghthened the ties of commerce that tied both down. And Flemish bankers were the chief financeers of the Plantagenets, aware that the survival of their empire was the guarantee of the continued success of their present commerce. Unfortunately, Flanders was always coveted by the Imperials; as of the 17th century, all they wanted was an excuse to grab it. An excuse came with a succession crisis, combined with a minor weaver revolt in Ghent in 1654. Incited by the German agents, the weaver guild rose up, and was supported by some of Germanophilic merchants who saw much more opportunity within the propserous Holy Roman Empire than within the less competition-filled, but much more unstable Plantagenet realms. Imperials supported the rising and refused to recognized King Richard IV. Imperials, under Baron von Munchhausen, advanced into Flanders, helped the Ghenters, and advanced to Picardy undeterred, taking city after city. Only in Picardy did the Plantagenets stand and fight (at St.-Quentin, to be exact), but they were immediately routed by the elite Imperial forces. Meanwhile, rebellions commenced in England, and Robert I Tudor of Wales, having abducted and married an English noblewoman, now gathered a force of mercenaries and western English lords and marched out, seeking the English throne itself. In France, Imperials won yet another battle, at Compiegne, threatening Paris itself. Richard IV died in battle, childless. The Imperials negotiated with the Parisian magnates and had them officially cede Flanders and Picardy to the Holy Roman Empire, while pretender Henry was announced King Henry IX of England and VI of France and promised to pay tribute to the Holy Roman Emperor.
This was a quick, victorious war. Or would have been one, if not for another, very serious rising of the electors in Germany. Rudolph had to divert forces to face that threat; but meanwhile, a Flemish rebellion started as well, while the French peasantry grew ever more hostile to the Imperials and Henry IX. Sensing that Henry IX might yet be overthrown, Rudolph II, despite his domestic troubles, suggested that Imperial troops be sent to reinforce the French garrisons (and keep a watch on them, ofcourse) in major cities, but it was too late. In 1656, just as Robert Tudor entered London on a white horse, a black horse delivered yet another cadet branch Plantagenet to the gates of the Bastille (which in this world gradually became the center of Plantagenet power - not too illustrious, but very safe... most of the times). Open gates of the Bastille, smirked Henry, Duke of Orleans. He entered and immediately saw the malicious-looking men with masks and daggers. He smirked again and nodded. A hour later, a combination of daring and subtlety (and treason within enemy rank) allowed the Duke of Orleans to smirk once again as he sat down in the throne having deposed Henry IX's dead body from it rather unceremoniously (but Henry IX didn't care, he had a slit throat and an astonished look on his face). Some other dead relatives and courtiers lie around in the room. Henry (the one who still lived, ofcourse) didn't have much time to sit around, there was more violence to do before his power could be secure.
The power of... no, not Henry X, but Francois I. The Duke of Orleans' unorthodox, controversial and very damn confusing (as until a few decades ago, almost as many people still reffered to him as "Henry X", as from the start many simply refused to recognize his new name, including the Pope) gesture of changing his name to Francois as he claimed the throne and issued the declaration of "la guerre de la patrie" against the Imperials was very strange, but then, what was one to expect from a brilliant madman (OOC: an overestimation - he was "merely" quite eccentric. Like Fisher. Actually, come to think of it, Francois I is extremelly similar to John Fisher, with some straks of Gustavus Adolphus and Cardinal Richelieu)? Anyway, Francois took power, called for the peasants to resist the Imperials and deny them food, ordered a general levy, extracted money for his war effort from a few magnates at sword-point, personally organized the defensive preparations at Paris, then suddenly left it for Orleans just before Imperials besieged Paris (their assault, by the way, was a complete failure despite a good fraction of the Parisian garrison consisting of local guildsmen levied to the fight; but then, one doesn't need much training to fire a musket from a wall) and once in Orleans did a revolution in military affairs by creating a modern army (to avoid wasting words, it is similar to the OTL New Model Army, or, closer still, to the army of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden as used in the Thirty Years War - with the superior organization, emphasis on quality and combined arms doctrine). The Imperial army was good and modern; this, however, was much better and much more modern, if only because it wasn't really modern but, for the time, futuristic, while the Imperials were merely modern. Anyway, the Imperial siege of Paris was broken by the arrival of Francois' L'Armee Nouvelle, and Adolph von Munchhausen's Imperial army was completely broken as well in the ensuing Battle at Montreuil (this one was deservedly famous); though von Munchhausen at first tried to retain order even as his army retreated, and though indeed it seemed as if the trademark Imperial disciplinne had prevailed at first, French cannon-fire (Francois' artillery is worth of particular mention, being very mobile for its time - so Francois was able to drag it up to a good strategic height from where the Imperial columns were well-seen) forced the Imperials to try and spread out to stop being such an excellent target. This ofcourse resulted in disorganization, and allowed Francois' cavalry to charge into the midst of the Imperials and completely break them, slaughtering or capturing the overwhelming majority. Von Munchhausen himself was taken prisoner.