[RD] Daily Graphs and Charts

[Lillefix]

Completely straight forward. Nothing complicated.

 

[Borachio]

I give in. What's Guam doing in CEFTA?

edit: huh. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development

: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova.

 

[gay_Aleks]

Fortunately, due to the complicated 100-200 years, the chances of another mini-union alike Visegrad group or Benelux on the Balkans is literally impossible.

 

[Domen]

Fortunately ???

 

[Cutlass]

Spoiler :

Guam?

 

[Lohrenswald]

Election results:

Blue is right wing, red is left wing, so mind that

EDIT: I should also specify that left wing is socialist and social democratic. Liberalism is mostly right wing, but frankly on both parts of the devide.

Spoiler :

 

[Domen]

Pigmentation of Europeans during the last 8000 years:

http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477.full-text.pdf+html

http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/03/13/016477.full.pdf

Spoiler :

This paper reviews particular genes related to the physical traits and adaptation to the environment, including eye colour, skin pigmentation, hair thickness, vitamin D levels, immune system, body height, lactase peristence and lipid levels (influencing BMI and obesity risk).

Abstract

The arrival of farming in Europe beginning around 8,500 years ago required adaptation to new environments, pathogens, diets, and social organizations. While evidence of natural selection can be revealed by studying patterns of genetic variation in present-day people1-6, these pattern are only indirect echoes of past events, and provide little information about where and when selection occurred. Ancient DNA makes it possible to examine populations as they were before, during and after adaptation events, and thus to reveal the tempo and mode of selection7,8. Here we report the first genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, based on 83 human samples from Holocene Europe analyzed at over 300,000 positions. We find five genome-wide signals of selection, at loci associated with diet and pigmentation. Surprisingly in light of suggestions of selection on immune traits associated with the advent of agriculture and denser living conditions, we find no strong sweeps associated with immunological phenotypes. We also report a scan for selection for complex traits, and find two signals of selection on height: for short stature in Iberia after the arrival of agriculture, and for tall stature on the Pontic-Caspian steppe earlier than 5,000 years ago. A surprise is that in Scandinavian hunter-gatherers living around 8,000 years ago, there is a high frequency of the derived allele at the EDAR gene that is the strongest known signal of selection in East Asians and that is thought to have arisen in East Asia. These results document the power of ancient DNA to reveal features of past adaptation that could not be understood from analyses of present-day people.

Here are some of the genes and alleles studied. I have inserted the links to SNPedia for easy reference. Note that rs7940244 wasn't on SNPedia, but I found a proxy in the same gene.

HERC2 (rs12913832 - eye color)
SLC24A5 (rs1426654 - skin pigmentation)
SLC45A2 (rs16891982 - skin pigmentation)
LCT (rs4988235 - lactase peristence)
NADSYN1 (rs7940244 - vitamin D levels)
FADS1 (rs174546 - LDL cholesterol levels)
EDAR (rs3827760 - hair thickness)
TLR6 (rs7661887 - immune system)

This graph shows the evolution of the various alleles:

The alleles for fair skin are in blue and green. Mesolithic Europeans had dark skin (only a few samples derived for SLC24A5). Neolithic farmers were usually derived for SLC24A5, while Steppe people (click LINK) were derived for both SLC24A5 and SLC45A2.

Blue eyes were very common among Mesolithic Europeans, while Neolithic farmers and Yamna people had mixed eye colours.

Lactase persistence only starting taking off in the Chalcolithic, but underwent a very strong positive selection since then.

Lipid levels constantly increased over time, as if food became progressively scarcer as the population grew.

The gene for vitamin D production has oscillated over time, but it looks like the recent selection has been against increased vitamin D production, probably because people got their vit. D from milk and drank more milk as they became lactose tolerant.

So Western European hunter-gatherers were dark-skinned with blue eyes. Which is a confirmation of findings from the previous study on this subject.

But this one also confirms that the further increase in light skin during the Late neolithic / Bronze age can be attributed to light-skinned Steppe immigrants:

"R1 populations spread genes for light skin, blond hair and red hair":

http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.shtml#pigmentation

"Light skin was spread by the Indo-Europeans (R1a + R1b haplogroups)":

http://www.eupedia.com/forum/thread...ne-was-spread-by-the-Indo-Europeans-(R1a-R1b)

================================

Hair pigmentation and Y-DNA of people from three Indo-Iranian Steppe cultures (Andronovo + Tachtyk + Tagar cultures):

Hair pigmentation, when known (10 individuals):

blond or light brown - 60% (6 individuals)
brown hair - 30% (3 individuals)
dark brown hair - 10% (1 individual)

Y-DNA haplogroup, when known (10 individuals):

R1a1a - 90% (9 individuals)
C (not C3) - 10% (1 individual) -----> individual with C had dark brown hair

Sources: http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/adnaintro.shtml

Tachtyk: http://s28.postimg.org/yk0dq7659/Tachtyk.png

Andronovo: http://s2.postimg.org/kz2vhilpl/Andronovo.png

Tagar: http://s23.postimg.org/fc9z8n1kr/Tagar.png

======================================

Immigration from the Steppe is also what made Europeans taller, according to this new paper.

Proto-Indo-Europeans of the Yamna culture were much taller than Neolitihic Europeans:

http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/03/13/016477.full.pdf

We detect a significant signal of directional selection on height in Europe (p=0.002), and our ancient DNA data allows us to determine when this occurred and also to determine the direction of selection. Both the Iberian Early Neolithic and Middle Neolithic samples show evidence of selection for decreased height relative to present-day European Americans (Figure 3A; p=0.002 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Comparing populations that existed at the same time (Figure 3B), there is a significant signal of selection between central European and Iberian populations in each of the Early Neolithic, Middle Neolithic and present-day periods (p=0.011, 0.012 and 0.004, respectively). Therefore, the selective gradient in height in Europe has existed for the past 8,000 years. This gradient was established in the Early Neolithic, increased into the Middle Neolithic and decreased at some point thereafter. Since we detect no significant evidence of selection or change in genetic height among Northern European populations, our results further suggest that selection operated mainly on Southern rather than Northern European populations. There is another possible signal in the Yamnaya, related to people who migrated into central Europe beginning at least 4,800 years ago and who contributed about half the ancestry of northern Europeans today9. The Yamnaya have the greatest predicted genetic height of any population, and the difference between Yamnaya and the Iberian Middle Neolithic is the greatest observed in our data (Z=6.2, p<0.0001, Extended data Figure 6). This observation is consistent with archaeological evidence that the Yamnaya were taller than populations contemporary to them43.

You may also google the following (or a similar) phrase: "Yamna culture men face reconstructions" / "Yamna culture man".

And you will find out that those ancient Steppe people looked just liked many modern Europeans, especially northern Europeans.

Which isn't surprising in the light of new findings (link) that they contributed a significant % of ancestry to modern Europeans.

 

[gay_Aleks]

Fortunately ???

For the people hating complex diagrams.

 

[Borachio]

Guam?

Yup. That's right. It's not that Guam.

I give in. What's Guam doing in CEFTA?

edit: huh. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development

Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova

 

[warpus]

Some of you might know that I was a part of the 80s/90s/beyond "art scene", which produced ASCII and ANSI art, was connected to the demo scene, and other such scenes (lit scene, etc.). I was in particular a guy who was known for making interesting fonts.. and the thing about fontists was that we weren't respected as much - we were pretty much the bassists of the art scene..

But either way, during this time I also organized a scene-spanning contest called the Blender. The Blender was the brainchild of my friend Hennifer. Hennifer was an amazing artist, unlike me, but couldn't draw fonts worth crap. So we made a pretty good team. Anyway, he asked me to host blender, and a lot of people in the scene already knew who I was, and they definitely knew who he was, so a lot of people ended showing up. And I sort of ran this thing for a couple years during the heydays of the art scene. All sorts of people contributed - ANSI artists, ASCII artists, musicians, people made demos, coded games, wrote poetry, stories, animations, RIP format art, "hi-rez" style art.. even maybe batch files. Each artist in the scene was affiliated with one group or another - so groups got points each week, and I kept adding them up.

In any case, each week I put together an infofile with the winners, etc. and compiled statistics about the competition with very detailed information. I am not quite sure why I did this, but I think it belongs here.

The first list is winners of the week - up to week 41.. and other totals. See if you can spot anyone you know on this list! Maybe an uncle? edit: it's slightly longer so I'll hide it

Spoiler :

Blender is actually being brought back for one last time - I've been asked to co-host, by a crazy guy from British Columbia.. He used to run the lit group MIST - which wrote a LOT of stuff. They were very creative people, but a bit eccentric. So now he's coming to me asking me to co-host this, which is eccentric, but I'm totally doing it. He's also informed me that aa Blender inspired a competition has sprung up elsewhere.

Here's the info file from the very first blender, if you're interested

 

[Cutlass]

 

[SS-18 ICBM]

Temperance was mostly a Northern thing, wasn't it?

 

[Hygro]

My town had legal public drinking until a couple years ago. Everyone assumed it was on the books, and when news spread that it wasn't when it was discovered, it only took a year to ban it.

 

[Mise]

So were there only 4 apocalypse novels in the whole of the 1900's?

No. That is a percentage. Here is the article.

I'm assuming he was estimating based on all bars being the same size, i.e. 25%. It's quite likely that there are exactly 4 data points in this case, as the probability of getting an equal split gets smaller and smaller the more data points you have.

And according to the wikipedia article, there are indeed 4 post/apocalypse novels in the whole of the 1900s decade.

Spoiler :

Do you have a source for this? I.e. where/how was the data on gender split collected?

 

[SS-18 ICBM]

Microbrews probably aren't on here.

Spoiler :

 

[Borachio]

I was surprised to see Carling as the most popular selling beverage in the UK.

My research indicates that this is sadly true.

I'm feeling very, very depressed now.

 

[Cutlass]

No. I didn't save a link to where I got that.

 

[Samez]

I wonder when did China change from Tsingtao to Snow?

 

[GoodSarmatian]

Öttinger, oh my god .
I fyou ever come to Germany, don't drink this. It's just one of the cheapest ways to get drunk if you don't care about the taste.

 

[warpus]

Yeah, that map is basically a list of "beers you should never drink"

Then again France's top beer is one I quite like.