Great questions:
2. He has 19 cities in his, I have 36 in mine:Theocratic Rule/Cooperation/Pagodas/Sainthood + Jesuit Education vs Apostolic/Churches/Mastery/Pacifism, +TGoG.
3. Playing on Emperor, same number of policies (3 in Rationalism).
4. I don't think I took too long going for PS, but the point is he's pulling awa now, when I have them.
5. I don't see any academies with my diplomat -- mostly mountains and water.
6. Too early for corporations.
7. He has 2 allies, both militaristic.I have 1 -- and 10 overall vs his 2.
8. He has no Friends.
Not sure about the Emperor, but as far as i understand, Inca is so ridiculosly strong on high difficulties cause he gets bonus food and he can work lots of mountain tiles. In my own games on deity i once saw his city that has 20+ population and it has 2 (two) non-mountain tiles.
Also with less cities his tech is cheaper