It seems my previous posting failed.
If anything i wonder about how such a system has worked for so long, and fairly well afaik.
Thank you for expressing an interest. I will try to give you Edward's potted summary.
The post Magna Carta position in the UK was that there used to be
five sources of authority in the UK:
(a) the monarch
(b) the aristocratic landlord class who made up the House of Lords
(c) the church
(d) juries drawn from the more settled population
(e) the common electorate who appointed the House of Commons
From these resulted:
(1) Privy Council (typically Lords but with a few bright commoners appointed)
(2) various Officials appointed by the monarch
(3) Judges appointed by the monarch
(4) House of Lords
(5) House of Commons
The House of Commons appointed a Speaker; and the Monarch
appointed the Lord Chancellor (Law), Chancellor of the Exchequer
(money) and other key Ministers acceptable to the Houses.
There were no formal political parties.
The idea is that these groupings would represent the interests of the people and
function of the state and provide balance. In practice the overwhelming power
of the monarchy meant that it was often unstable until Charles II was restored
in 1660; on agreeing that the power of the monarchy was to be limited.
Thereafter things worked quite well for about 350 years.
A number of things have, IMO, gone wrong more recently.
(A) Hugh Walpole became a powerful minister, the first Prime Minister
He was competent and sensible, but this set a dubious precedent.
(B) Judges have become overtly legalistic and less concerned about justice.
(C) the power of the House of Lords was reduced
This started in 1909 on the grounds that they were not elected by the people, and
obstructing the House of Commons. More recent reductions in their authority
were made on a class based basis and the grounds that with the UK a member
of the EU, and the ECHR; a powerful second chamber was simply not needed.
(A better solution might have been to have a smaller House of Lords appointed
either by proportional representation or by the counties. cf original US Senate)
(D) National parties nationalised their previously independent local parties
This Stalinisation was undertaken by John Major (Conservatives) and Tony Blair
(Labour). The local parties selected candidates for elections (UK equivalent
of US primaries). This meant that the national party leadership chose pliable
candidates who were less likely to be of independent means and/or act in the
interests of their constituents. This resulted in a drop in membership of local
parties which further detached elected representatives from their electorate.
(E) The House of Commons was infiltrated by Landlords
Approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of all MPs are landlords; who therefore no longer represent
their electorate. Home ownership has dropped while private renting has gone up.
(F) The Prime Minister took over the role of appointing, formerly collegiate,
but now subordinate Cabinet Ministers (formerly the Monarch's role)
(G) Influence of church declined.
(H) As compensation for surrendering power to the EU, UK parliaments
are increasingly meddling with local activity e.g. trying to nationalising
all local council schools (so that they can later privatise them for a backhander).
We are therefore in the position that the party leader:
(a) controls the process for appointing candidates for election; and
(b) if securing a majority of MPS, becomes Prime Minister
(i) appoints the Ministers
(ii) instructs the drafting of laws,
(iii) appoints the senior civil servants; and
(iv) ultimately the judges.
We have therefore (subject to constraints by EU and Human Rights Treaties) replaced
the medieval appointment of a permanent monarchy (whether by heredity, right of
arms or general acclamation) with a temporary monarch now called the Prime Minister.
The decision (2010) to move to fixed term Parliaments now means he is there
for five years unless he resigns in a tiff or walks under a London bus etc.
Without a set of fundamental rules everybody agrees on which requires a qualified majority to be changed, the lack of stability at national level and of legal security at a personal level would be huge. Any ocasional or accidental extraordinary circunstance may lead to crazy laws and dangerous situations. It is the heaven for oportunists and populists!
The real danger is that the UK Prime Minister is overloaded and too powerful.
This was amply demonstrated by Tony Blair and the Iraq war.
There are a number of potential remedies that the UK people may select from, if
we Leave the EU. But if we Remain in, there is really not much point bothering.