How life looked like in the Tsarist Empire.
The average Russian was a peasant and pre-revolutionary Russian peasant's 32 years life expectancy looked like this:
Childhood
Daily Life
Work
How life looked like in the USSR
The average Russian was a worker, and the Soviet worker's 68 years life expectancy looked like this:
Childhood
Daily Life
Work
Life got so much better that most Russians still feel nostalgic about the communist age!
In Tsarist Russia
An average Russian before WWI was an illiterate peasant having little to no property, starving from hunger from time to time, and having no medical treatment because couldn’t afford it. Child mortality rate was extreme and life expectancy wasn’t high either.
“Famine-stricken villagers who have left their homes on the way to St. Petersburg. 16,000 villagers arrived last week at St. Petersburg, and many more are expected.”
This is 1891, one of many famines hitting the Russian Empire like previously in 1885, 1880, 1873, etc. and again in 1897–1898, 1905–1908, 1911. These peasants made their way to cities hoping to find some food and shelter because death was the only alternative. The government sent troops to prevent peasants from leaving their poverty stricken villages.
“The famine in Russia: Cossack patrol near Kazan preventing peasants leaving their village. From a sketch by a Russian officer.”
“The Russian famine - the interior of a cottage in the distressed districts”
The was no free food from the government to those starving. They could qualify for a loan instead. If they were unable to pay it back, their remaining property was seized.
“The famine in Russia: searching villages for hidden stores and stolen grain. From a sketch by a Russian officer.”
Russia kept exporting grain because capitalism cared only about profits. When Ivan Vyshnegradsky, the Finance Minister in 1887 to 1892, banned grain exports and attempted to introduce progressive taxes on the rich people, he was fired and grain exports resumed. Even the word голодъ (famine) was banned from Russian mass media by the emperor’s order. The word недородъ (poor harvest) had to be used instead.
The situation was so bad that many young peasants were willing to join the army where they could get some food. The official sources mentioned that 40% recruits tasted meat for the first time in the army.
Imperial Russia had the worst death rates in Europe for infectious diseases. An official report by Serge Novoselski, “Mortality and Life Expectancy in Russia”, 1916, is an excellent source. 30% infants died before their 1st birthday. 57% survived to the age of 5 (Italy 72%, Germany 71%, England 77%, France 79%, Sweden 84%). Only 18% could make it to the age of 70 (Italy 28%, Germany 29%, England 31%, France 34%, Sweden 43%). Death rate due to smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, pertussis and typhus was 528 for 100,000 citizens (Italy 98, Germany 92, England 90, Sweden 56). Quite possible these official figures for Russia were more favourable than they should be because the imperial statistics wasn’t reliable, but health care quality in the Russian Empire was terrible definitely.
The
NUMBERS
Literacy
1917 - 25.2%
1926 - 51.0%
1939 - 89.7%
1950 - ~100%
Numeracy Rate
1890 - 97.2%
1910 - 98.4%
1930 - 99.9%
1950 - 100%
Average years of education
1900 - 1.2 years
1910 - 1.3 years
1920 - 1.9 years
1930 - 2.5 years
1940 - 3.9 years
Life Expectancy
1896 - 32.3 years
1926 - 44.4 years
1958 - 68.6 years
What did the Bolshevik revolution meant for us? The option of the USSR was much, much, much more preferable than a continuation of the Tsarist regime. Also the bolshevik revolution (and dissatisfaction with WW1) caused the political elite in Europe to enact much needed social reforms, building the first steps for the foundation of a social welfare state we have now in Europe out of fear of the spread of the revolution to Europe. Without communism, not much would have been changed. The rise of the USSR is still one of the best things that ever happened in our history (ironically maybe even more for Europeans).