So I think I finally have a working space exploration and colonization ruleset. Here's an example of a small part of the overall stats for your commenting pleasure:
Sector 0
Planets:
Mercury: Uninhabitable
Venus: Uninhabitable
Earth:
Union of Federated States:
-Base Type: Homeworld
-Population: 6,450,000,000
Dar-al-Islam*:
-Base Type: Homeworld
-Population: 2,200,000,000
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic:
-Base Type: Homeworld
-Population: 3,950,000,000
East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere:
-Base Type: Homeworld
-Population: 2,750,000,000
Mars:
Union of Federated States:
-Base Type: Colony
-Population: 60,000,000
Dar-al-Islam:
-Base Type: Colony
-Population: 45,000,000
Jupiter: Uninhabitable
Saturn: Uninhabitable
Neptune: Uninhabitable
Sector 0 Asteroid Field:
Union of Federated States
-Base Types: Mining
-# of Mining Bases: 3
-Population: 3,000