JoE, what settings do you have that game on? I'm having constant problems with the AIs stagnating and failing to become a real threat, and I have flexible difficulty on meaning I'm often toggled up to Emperor or above and still pimp-slapping them, for want of a better word.
No Rev, No Vassal, No Barb Civ or World, No Flex Difficulty-locked on Noble, No Tech Diffusion, 8AI, Giant Archipelago Map, the map is really the Key.
I've found that the Arch map, with less than 10 AI on giant and above, gives the AI time to build up.
Shaka does concentrate too much on Impi as has been observed before. He does have Ax, Pike, and Longbow.
I have also observed that Fredrick has a city with 7 priest for Naghalism (sp?) sitting in it with only 1 defender.
I now have 18 cities at 500AD with the Ottomans leading with 25 cities, Fredrick has 19, Shaka has 18, Mansa has 16. There are 3 AI that I still do not have contact with so I don't know their size or ranking yet. I have sent my 1st Caravels out to circumnavigate the map so I should find them soon.
No wars with any AI so far, I've been acquiring cities from the barbs on my island/continent (4 so far and a 5th under attack).
I also do not go into Embassy trading very easily and so Open Borders is only with select AI. I actually have OB with Shaka and Fred. Otto and Mansa are annoyed with me even though we have very limited contact. I actually got Elephant from Shaka!
I just researched Gunpowder and I have sulphur on my land.
I have 3 religions founded, Judaism, Buddhism, and Taoism. If it wasn't for the religions I would be drowning in

. For a period of time during medieval era I had a difficult time keeping the cashflow positive. I just entered Renaissance Era.
JosEPh