It is thought that the Jubbler hives, especially those of the Fatrolis, had made allies of several other species by this point. The
Greater Chungus, evolved from the more ancient
Chungus, seems to have depended on the waste pits of the Jubbler hives, and may also have helped to defend the hive entrances as it grew, with its many small piercing spikes. And there is little doubt that the
Mamicalon, evolved from the
Mimicalix, was now totally dependent on other species for survival. Its 'milk' glands probably first evolved to feed its protectors, instead of its own young. As the Fatrolis swarms seem to have been well organised and capable of more complex behaviour, it is thought they were the main protectors of the Mamicalon, although other species like the fearsome
Mortyte may also have learnt to 'farm' them. These two species may even have raided each others nests in order to steal more Mamicalons for themselves.
Like the plants, small insects depended on rain, but they could also thrive on death and decay during dry spells, or in the aftermath of fierce storms. There was always some insects to be found somewhere. Many fossils of insect-eaters are to be found from this era, and it seems the most successful were the sticky-tongued
Videobulgorb and the tree-climbing, web spinning
Herbaneraria. As for the plants themselves, there was little change except the new branches of Chungus which appeared at this time. The
Frungus was another one, which almost abandoned photosynthesis as it began to feed on the fruits of other plants. It is thought that small growths of Frungus could 'hijack' fruit, and if it was still eaten by herbivores, the Frungus spores could survive the journey through the animal's insides until they were deposited in a new and far-away place. Strangely, despite the unstable climate, the
Fernus Tropicanus evolved to become a specialised tropical plant, with less resistance to cold and drought, although it could regenerate quickly when nibbled on. It had to wait until the climate stabilised towards at the end of this era before it could take hold.
Many of the worm-like scavengers were doing well at this time, benefiting from the deaths of others. The
Leatherback Bug appeared during this era, with the thickest skin of any animal so far. It may have been practically immune to Jubblers and Scourges, if not larger predators too, although it probably spent most of its time underground. The
Micronyte was another new scavenger that managed to survive and thrive. Although basically defenceless if spotted, it was simple, versatile, able to live in or near water, and feed on any small item of food it came across.
Amphibians had mixed blessings - some were able to navigate rivers and coasts to reach new sources of food, but rivers and coasts were gradually changing over the centuries, and some populations found themselves trapped in isolated lakes and inland seas with nowhere else to go if the local plants failed. Overall though, the usual amphibians all survived this era - the ancient
LungScraper, the scaled
Armored Amphibeel, the hunting
Predarivervalion and the large
Megalithavalion. The
Otterus Scraper of the previous era also did well enough that it survived and evolved into the
Proto-Otterus, which began to scavenge scraps of meatas well as eating plants, and put more effort into reproduction, producing large numbers of eggs at a time. Though, its senses were still as poor as its primitive ancestors, which made it just as vulnerable to predators. Even so, the Proto-Otterus seems to have colonised all of the tropical coastlines at the end of this era, once the climate began to settle down again.
By this time, there were six main groups of herbivores on the supercontinent, each carved out a different role as the seasons became unpredictable and things become more competitive. Firstly, the Stalkers and land-based Scrapers. Some of the ancient land Scrapers were still around, as they were simple and just about hardy enough to survive bad times and growing competition. As for their later descendents, the Stalkers, only the
Seer Stalker was around in large numbers. This was a more sophisticated animal, and was still an unmatched eating machine, that could eat almost any part of any kind of plant and still gain some useful nourishment from it, which was very useful at this time. The need for water during times of drought might have been their only reason to migrate. Herds of spiky bodies, coordinated by their calls and bellows, would have made tough targets for predators. But the Seer Stalkers had no real resistance to the cold, and although they could shelter from bad weather in small burrows, they could not live permanently outside the warm tropics.
The
Velocirix and its big cousin the
Megarix had much greater tolerance for the cold and could roam across much more of the supercontinent, especially as they gave birth to live young - although they are not believed to have been very good parents to their offspring, at least they were not stuck on nest sites for weeks at a time. The combination of decent speed, claws, exoskeletons, and also large size in the case of the Megarix, seems to have been a good enough defence against predators at this time. Although they weren't so efficient at digesting food, it seems these species had greater numbers than the Stalkers overall.
Thirdly, the
Barioms and
Long-Necked Bariothorim, evolved from the
Bariothorim Roamer which had been in decline and did not survive this era. The basic body design had certain advantages though, and it proved to be adaptable enough. The Long-Necked Bariothorim first retreated to lakes and swamps, where it became larger, probably for defence against predators, learned the basics of swimming, and used its elongated neck to feed on plants without having to leave the water. The Long-Necks were soon spreading along the southern waterways of the supercontinent. Meanwhile, the Bariom toughed it out on land. The Bariom was somewhere between the older Seer Stalker and Velocirix in terms of habitat - it had some resistance to the cold, but could not live so far near the poles. It seems the Bariom was smarter and more flexible than its ancestors. It is also believed to have been a much better parent, with a strong instinct to protect its young and eggs, which helped their numbers grow. While the Bariom was still slower than its rivals and many predators, it was slightly faster than its ancestor, and had the same strong hooves which would have been useful for travelling over rough terrain. But aside from gathering in herds, its hooves and exoskeleton were still its only real defences against most attackers, which doesn't seem to have been good enough. Under greater pressure from predators, the Bariom appears to have given way to herds of Velocirix and Megarix in most places. But the Bariom is known to have survived in rocky, hilly areas, where speed was less of an issue, intelligence was more useful, and nest sites could be more easily defended.
The Tuplers and Duplers were an unusual group, still relatively recent arrivals on land, with a tendency for bigger brains than other herbivores. While
Mudtuplers were confined to swampy coastal areas,
Landtuplers died out during this era, which left the
Greater Landtuplers and the new
Stealtuplers which seem to have been most common in the arid, semi-desert regions far inland, thanks to their water-preserving bodies. As well as being intelligent and adaptable, Stealtuplers are believed to have been stealthy creatures, possibly semi-nocturnal, rarely leaving their burrows except to feed. This may be a sign that some kinds of Lupivus were venturing deeper into the arid lands as they become more desperate for prey - the usual desert predator was the
Endodid, which was little threat to a healthy adult Stealtupler. As for the
Gigatuplers, they were now the biggest animals on the planet, as the
Kingvalions died out in the oceans at this time. Gigatuplers were big and tough enough to survive trekking across the deserts, going from one oasis to the next, feeding on Zeeboos along the way. They could also have visited forests and jungles, tearing down the largest trees for fruit, if they were not pestered too much by Scourges and Jubblers. In any case, none of these species was to be found in great numbers on the temperate plains. It seems their populations remained healthy enough, but still small compared to the herds of other herbivores.
Some of the descendents of the
Fluffball died off at this time, but those that survived were a diverse bunch. While a few Fluffballs and
Great Spikeballs clung to life in the snowy plains of Orania, the slimy and poisonous
Farconicus Spike was still one of the most common herbivores in the tropical jungles, perhaps because it could resist Jubbler attacks better than most, as well as larger ambush predators. The
Burrowing Ball was a new species which appeared during this era, and soon took over from the
Sentyball. The Burrowing Ball lived in large groups on the open plains, in forests and basically anywhere that wasn't too dry or infested with Jubblers. It is known that they were able to dig out large tunnel systems to live in, and they also had very good eyesight and hearing while on the surface. The
Ground Kakliea may have been their only major predator. The fossil record shows that they were very successful, although not the most numerous...
Finally, the
Bipedal Seer Legger,
Proto-saur and the new
ChewOn-saur were still the fastest creatures on land, combined with good eyesight to avoid predators, tougher skin that gave some protection against biting Jubblers, tougher eggs than most creatures, and good enough digestion to survive of most kinds of plants, all while still being generally less complicated and more streamlined than other herbivores. They were also decent swimmers and were able to colonise many offshore islands. All of which meant that these were still the most numerous land herbivores during this era. The ChewOn-saur also had much stronger jaws, and seems to have been evolving into an omnivore, adding small animals and insects to its diet, for which its speed and eyesight would have been very useful. They may even have been dangerous to larger animals if they were weak or injured, but they are not thought to have deliberately hunted in packs, and it is doubtful they would have posed any threat to herds of Velocirix or Seer Stalkers.
As for carnivores during this era, things are more confusing. Hunting on the open plains was more rewarding than lurking in forests, as the unreliable climate forced many herbivores to stay on the move for much of the time. But the most recent Lupivus species - of which only the
Striped Lupivus survived - had been adapting for life in the forests and jungles, competing with the
Shadow Kaklieas, some of which were also able to move out and hunt on the plains, while new species of Gorgaths appeared... All that is certain is that there was a lot of competition. It might be worth nothing that the Striped Lupivus was still the most complex animal that had yet evolved, and while it had a lot of advantages, it also required a lot of feeding. Its population was certainly never higher than the rival Shadow Kakleia.
The Lupivus Secus, already a fairly old species, was one of the few carnivores which really prospered during this era, maybe because it was simpler and dedicated to hunting in the open - although it wasn't the deadliest predator, it still had good enough strength and weapons to hunt most herbivores. The
Zunatron also seems to have enjoyed a big revival in numbers. As a generalist, it wasn't the best at anything, but it was one of the smartest animals, and very adaptable. In this era it found itself well suited the changeable climate.
Similarly, the
Framer Gorgath split into two separate branches during this era, both of which did quite well. It seems that the
Eater Gorgath had evolved most efficient digestive organs of any meat-eater, allowing it to last longer between meals. It is also thought that it could dig small burrows and hibernate through really bad times instead of using up energy in long searches for prey, so it could live out its life on marginal hunting grounds, places where other hunters wouldn't stay for long. Meanwhile the
Blood Gorgath was more active than the Eater. Although not particularly fast, well-armed or intelligent, it seems that all Gorgaths could hunt together as a well organised pack, and the Blood Gorgaths took this even further. They were strongly built, equally as strong as the deadly Striped Lupivus, and in numbers they could have taken on large animals, possibly anything that didn't run away. A large group could have bullied other predators, and they may have stolen a large share of meals from the hard work of other hunters as they roamed the plains.
The
Valios Toxicum was another new predator, closely related to the Kaklieas, but from an earlier branch of that family, mostly confined to forests and jungles. It is believed to have had a poisonous bite which would have been useful in subduing prey larger than itself. And as with the Bariom, it seems to have been a good parent to its young, with family groups helping each other to protect their nests high in the trees. But the jungles were already full of many competing predators. It is known that the Toxicum survived this era, but not in large numbers.
Finally, the
Mortytes became more noticeable during this era. They were descended from small, harmless, simple burrowing creatures. Although they had now evolved some very deadly weapons, they still had very limited senses, they were slow moving - except when leaping - and clearly spent a lot of time underground, eating any small burrowing creatures they ran into. But with the unpredictable climate, it seems that some sub-species began to move out into the open, making a home at watering holes, were they ambushed large animals at night using their primitive heat-vision...
Notable Plants:
Temperate Xeeboos, Mountain Zeeboos, Tougher Zeeboos, Giant Woody Fanels, Liandranels, Novo Tranel, Nest Fanels, Sprouty Ferns, Fernus Tropicanus, Winter Ferns, Chungus, Frungus, Greater Chungus, Super Lichen, Fire Moss, Buggy Moss, Parasitic Driftseed, Shocking Moss, Spiteful Fuzz.
Notable Animals:
Gigatuplers, Megarixes, Velocirixes, Barioms, Proto-Saurs, Chewon-saurs, Mamicalons, Seer Stalkers, Burrowing Balls, Farconicus Spikes, Striped Lupivus, Lupivus Secus, Shadow Kakleia, Ground Kakleia, Blood Gorgath, Zunatron, Tuughwurms, Leatherback Bugs, Toxidids, Herbanerarias, Videobulgorbs, Florytes, Darkytes, Mortytes, Predarivervalions, Megalithavalions, Royalis Jubblera Fatrolis, Blood Scourges, Jubblera Sensicas, Aurorlys, Cackling Auroras, Thieving Auroras, Armored Amphibeels, Mudtuplers, Stealtuplers, Armored Amphibeels, Proto-Otterus, Lung Scrapers.