Regarding independent cities:
Sorry, I wasn't trying to request a map filled with preplaced independent cities. Autorazed cities (such as a Scottish Edinburgh) would reduce the amount of determinism.
Regarding dynamic terrains:
I think much more needs to be done to make lands more/less appealing to fit historical trend. For instance, as the Aztecs, I almost always try to found Denver and Chicago often even prior to the arrival of Europeans.
- North America (outside of Central America) needs to have much less/nearly no resources until 1500AD.
- Scandinavia, Germany, France, Spain needs to have much less resources until 600AD.
- Ancient centers of great civilizations represented in the game such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, North Africa should have slightly more resources prior to the end of their glory days, and much less resources later on so they become less attractive places to have cities.
- Remember "shielded grasslands" from civ 3? Maybe something like a fudge factor resource,that only boost tile food, commerce and production stats and serves no happiness, health or other benefits, could be added and removed at certain times to help make certain areas better represent their historical strength without unbalancing the number of resources in the game. The commerce resource could be added in tiles next to many cities along the Silk Route from years 1200-1500AD. Some commerce and production resources could be added in many Caribbean coastal tiles from 1450-1800AD, and food, production and commerce tiles could be added along Californian coast after 1850AD.
For your future plans, how do you plan on relating Canada to England in modern times? Do you want, in modern times, nations such as Canada to be, its own independent civ, a vassal civ of England, or to be part of England?
My personal preferred solution is to have the English civ in modern times represent all the nations currently in the Commonwealth if the English civ adopts some certain civic (which I will call "Union"). The Union civic will represent multiple nations tied together by a single culture and so should remain represented as one civilization. This Union civic will allow a civ such as England to keep most of its cities in non-core areas such as Canada, South Africa and Australia etc... Since these cities in non-core areas aren't directly part of the English civilization, England will only need to pay reduced maintenance for these cities. The downside is that these cities have a high production penalty that goes towards the production of military units and yield lower benefits of science and commerce than had England retained direct control of Canada.
Currently in your mod, civs such as England, Portugal, Spain and France etc... can only remain competitive in the world in terms of score, Space Race, victory etc... if they maintain ahistoric direct control over their colonies. If they lose their colonies, they all essentially become nonfactors for the remainder of the game.
I think the Union civic makes sense because it makes sense that Canadian and Australian scientific achievements are still understood to be "anglosphere" achievements. The reason the United States can be considered separate from this is because the US "civ" has a lot of open land to settle already to become one of the world superpowers. More superpowers in contention with each other makes the game (as another superpower) more interesting.
Summary:
If a civ does not adopt Union (like Spanish civilization historically), its cities in non-core areas will be much more likely to declare independence after nationalism, and even more likely to declare independence after the 1950's if stability is just a little low.
If a civ does adopt Union (like the English civilization with The Commonwealth and French civilization with the French Union),
-cities in non-core areas will be much less likely to declare independence (independence meaning from the Union, and not independence from the nation)
-cities in non-core areas will cost very, very low maintenance.
-cities in non-core areas production of military units will be much lower (Canadian, Indian, Australia etc.. troops came to England's help during the World Wars, but did not contribute nearly as much as English soldiers), science and commerce will be slightly lower
-other civ and independent cities in your historical areas will be much more likely to want to join your union
-other civs in located in your historical areas will more willing to be your vassal states
-cities in core area pay much higher maintenance costs (this is to encourage civs with small homelands and lots of colonies to adopt this civic rather than civs will large homelands to expand into such as China, Russia or United States from participation in the multinational union)