[slide]
The Koranic World View As It Relates
to Muslims in the U.S. Military
[slide]
Objectives
*Identify what the Koran inculcates in the minds of
Muslims and the potential implications this may
have for the U.S. military.
*Describe the nature of the religious conflicts that
Muslims may have with the current wars in Iraq
and Afghanistan.
*Identify Muslim soldiers that may be having
religious conflicts with the current wars in Iraq
and Afghanistan.
[slide]
Definition of Islam
*Arabic 'islam,
submission,
*from 'aslama, to
surrender, resign oneself,
*from Syriac 'aslem, to
make peace, surrender,
*derived stem of slem, to
be complete.]
[slide]
Definitions
*Islam: The name of the Muslim religion
*Muslims: The people who practice Islam
*Islamist: Advocates rule by Gods law-
Islamic political rule/Sharia law i.e. (No
separation of Church and State)
*Fatwa: Religions rulings/legal opinions
from a Islamic leaders/scholars
[slide]
Concept of Jihad
[Arabic jihad, from jahada, to strive; see ghd in
Semitic roots.].
1. Islam An individual's striving for spiritual self-
perfection.
2. Islam A Muslim holy war or spiritual struggle against
infidels.
3. A crusade or struggle: "The war against smoking is
turning into a jihad against people who smoke"
(Fortune).
*Struggles inside ones self are termed 'the
Greater Jihad' and.
*Struggles with outside forces 'the lesser Jihad.'
[slide]
Islam
*Sunni: 85% of Muslims; term refers to
traditions followed by Muhammad
(SAWS) and early Muslims.
*Shia: 15% of Muslims; term refers to the
party of Ali (cousin and son of law of the
Prophet); they felt he should have assumed
leadership; highest concentration in Iran.
[slide]
Statistics
Muslims World wide: 1.2 billion
Muslim in the U.S.: Numbers range from
2-8 million.
Christians World wide: 1.9 billion
Hinduism World wide: 881 million
Buddhism World wide: 360 million
Judaism World wide: 14 million
[slide]
Statistics: Largest Muslim
Populations
Indonesia: 170,310,000 Iran: 60,790,000
Pakistan: 136,000,000 Egypt: 53,730,000
Bangladesh 106,050,000 Nigeria: 47,720,000
India: 103,000,000 China: >37,108,000
Turkey: 62,410,000
18% of Arab Origin
[slide]
Military Statistics
*Pentagon officials say there were 4,070 self-
declared Muslims in the U.S. Armed Forces in
May 2001, the last time a count was made.
*Qaseem Uqdah: heads the American Muslim
Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs Council in
Washington, D.C., counts upwards of 15,000
soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines and Coast
Guard members-2001
*The largest group of Muslims is African-
American, followed by Indo-Pakistanis, Arabs
and Caucasians in the military.
[slide 10]
Military Statistics
*According to some reports, estimated of
about 1-3,000 members of the U.S. armed
forces converted to Islam while stationed
in the Persian Gulf in the early 1990s.
[slide]
Fatwa: Muslims in U.S. military
*Fatwa: Religious rulings/legal opinions from a
Islamic leaders/scholars
*No single authority- conflicting Fatwa's
*Fatwa my U.S. Muslim clerics are vague and
ambiguous- under duress?
*Non U.S. Scholars issued Fatwa clearly stating
no
*"It's getting harder and harder for Muslims in the
service to morally justify being engaged in a military that
seems constantly engaged against fellow
Muslims."
[slide]
Muslims in the Military
*[4.93] And whoever kills a believer
intentionally, his punishment is hell; he
shall abide in it, and Allah will send His
wrath on him and curse him and prepare
for him a painful chastisement.
*[17.33] And do not kill anyone whose
killing Allah has forbidden, except for a
just cause...
[slide]
Adverse Events
*Hasan Akbar: 101st Airborne Division's 326th
Engineer Battalion- Through grenades
killing/wounding many.
*Army Capt. James Yee- charged with espionage;
later acquitted
*Marine Cpl. Waseef Ali Hassoun; deserted in
Iraq; Cited dissaproval of war as a Muslim.
*Army Sergeant Abdullah William Webster;
refused to deploy to Iraq based on religious
beliefs
[slide]
Evaluation ideas/hints
*Name: Kareem Abdu-Jabbar (Ferdinand
Lewis Alcindor, Jr.) - hint about religious
nature of parents.
*Devotion: Koran, prayers, etc
*Perceived support of unit/fellow
soldiers/military
[slide]
*Family perception.
*Don't doubt their loyalty to U.S. --> God vs
Country.
*It must be hard for you to balance Islamic
beliefs that might be conflicting with
current war; feelings of guilt; Is it what you
expected.
*Mentor/chaplain.
[slide]
Koran
*Koran was revealed
1400 hundred years
age(early 7th century
AD)- the word of God.
*Progressive revelation:
verses were revealed as
situations/events presented
*Hadiths/Sira/Asbab
nasool: aids in context
and order.
*Rule of abrogation
[slide]
Rule of Abrogation
* "None of Our revelations do We abrogate or
cause to be forgotten, but We substitute
something better or similar: Knowest thou not
that Allah Hath power over all things?" Surah
2: 106
* "When We substitute one revelation for
another, and Allah knows best what He reveals
(in stages), they say, "Thou art but a forger":
but most of them understand not." Surah
16:101
[slide]
The Koran: Miracle
*[2.23] And if you are in doubt as to that which
We have revealed to Our servant, then produce
a chapter like it and call on your witnesses
besides Allah if you are truthful.
*[2.24] But if you do (it) not and never shall you
do (it), then be on your guard against the fire of
which men and stones are the fuel; it is prepared
for the unbelievers.
*[15:9] We have sent down the reminder, and we
will preserve it.
[slide]
Five Pillars of Islam
*Shahadah: Testifying our allegiance to God
(I declare that there is no god Except God, and I
declare that Muhammad (SAWS) is the
messenger of God)
*Salat: Daily Prayer
*Zakat: Annual charity
*Saum: Month-long fasting
*Hajj: The Pilgrimage to Mecca
[slide 20]
Articles of Faith: Believing the
following
1. Allah (SWT)
2. Angles (Gabriel, Michael)
3. Books of Allah (Gospel, Torah, Koran,
etc)
4. Prophets of Allah [Abraham, Jesus,
Mohammad (SAWS)]
5. Day of Judgment
6. Supremacy of God's will (Predestination)
[slide]
Purpose of Life
* I created the Jinn and humankind only that
they might worship Me. [51.56]
* He [Allah] created life and death that He
might put you to the test and find out
which of you acquitted himself best.[67:1 -
2]
[slide]
Concept of Complete
Submission
*O you who believe! Enter into Islam
completely, whole-heartedly... [2:208]
[slide]
Complete Submission
*Abraham (SAWS)- Gold Standard
*Was indeed a model, devoutly obedient
[16:120]
*Verily, Abraham was without doubt,
forbearing....[11:75]
*Allah took him as an intimate friend
[4:125]
[slide]
Story of Abraham (SAWS)
*[37.102] And when he attained to working with
him, he said: O my son! surely I have seen in a
dream that I should sacrifice you.... He said: O
my father! do what you are commanded; if Allah
please, you will find me of the patient ones.
[37.106] Most surely this is a manifest trial.
[37.108] And We perpetuated (praise) to him
among the later generations.
[37.109] Peace be on Ibrahim.
[37.110] Thus do We reward the doers of good.
[37.111] Surely he was one of Our believing
servants.
[slide]
Lack of Submission
*[2.65] And certainly you have known those
among you who exceeded the limits of the
Sabbath, so We said to them: Be (as) apes,
despised and hated.
*[5.60] Say: Shall I inform you of (him who is)
worse than this in retribution from Allah?
(Worse is he) whom Allah has cursed and
brought His wrath upon, and of whom He made
apes and swine..
*[7.166] Therefore when they revoltingly
persisted in what they had been forbidden, We
said to them: Be (as) apes, despised and hated.
[slide]
The Forgiver and Punisher
* [39.53] Say: O my servants! who have acted
extravagantly against their own souls, do not
despair of the mercy of Allah; surely Allah
forgives the faults altogether; surely He is the
Forgiving the Merciful.
* [29:21] He punishes whom He wills, and
shows mercy to who He wills; and to Him you
will be returned.
[slide]
Fearing God
* [22:01] O mankind? Fear your Lord and be
dutiful to Him! Verily, the earthquake of the
Hour (of Judgement) is a terrible thing.
* [33:70] O you who believe! Keep your duty to
Allah and fear him, and speak (always) the truth.
* [39:14] Say ( O Muhammad): "Verily if I
disobey my Lord, I am afraid of the torment of
the great Day."
* [79:40-41] But as for him who feared standing
before his Lord, and restrained himself from
impure evil desires and lusts. Verily Paradise will be his
abode.
[slide]
Rewards Slide
* [76:12] And their recompense shall be
Paradise, and silken garments, because they
were patient.
* [76:13] Reclining therein on raised thrones,
they will see there neither the excessive heat of
the sun, nor the excessive bitter cold,
* [76:14] And the shade thereof is close upon
them, and the bunches of fruit thereof will hang
low within their reach.
* [76:15] And amongst them will be passed
round vessels of silver and cups of crystal.
[slide]
Rewards Slide Cont
* [76:16] Crystal-clear, made of silver. They will
determine the measure thereof.
* [76:17] And they will be given to drink there of
a cup (of wine) mixed with Zanjabil (ginger),
* [76:18] A spring there, called Salsabil.
* [76:19] And round about them will (serve)
boys of everlasting youth. If you see them, you
would think them scattered pearls.
* [76:20] And when you look there (in Paradise),
you will see a delight and a great dominion.
[slide 30]
Reward Slide Cont
* [76:21] Their garments will be of fine
green silk, and gold embroidery. They will
be adorned with bracelets of silver, and
their Lord will give them a pure drink.
* [76:22] (and it will be said to them):
"Verily, this is a reward for you, and your
endeavor has been accepted."
[slide]
Rewards Cont
* [47:15] The description of Paradise which
the Pious have been promised (is that) in it
are rivers of water the taste and smell of
which are not changed, rivers of mil of
which the taste never changes, rivers of
wine delicious to those who drink, and
rivers of clarified honey (clear and pure)
therein for them is every kind of fruit, and
forgiveness from their Lord....
[slide]
Punishment Verses
*[8.50] And if you could see when the angels take
away the souls of those who disbelieve (at
death); they smite their faces and their backs, and
(saying): Taste the punishment of blazing fire.
*[44:43] Verily, the tree of Zaqqum.
*[44:44] Will be the food of sinners.
*[44:45] Like boiling oil, it will boil in the bellies,
*[44:46] Like the boiling of scalding water.
*[44:47] (It will be said) "Seize him and drag him
into the midst of blazing fire,
[slide]
Punishment Versus Cont
*[44:48]"Then pour over his head the torment of
the boling water".
*[44:49] "Taste you (this) verily, you were
(pretending to be) the mighty, the generous!
*[44:50] "Verily, this is that whereof you used to
doubt!"
*[44:56] Surely, those who disbelieved in Our
Ayat (verses, signs, etc), We shall burn them in
Fire. As often as their skins are roasted through,
We shall changed them for other skins that they
may taste the punishment. Truly, Allah is Ever
Most Powerful, All-Wise.
[slide]
Punishment Slides
* [41:24] Then, if they bear the torment patiently,
then the Fire is the home for them, and if they
seek to please Allah, yet they are not of those
who will ever be allowed to please Allah.
* [41:29] And those who disbelieve will say:
"Our Lord! Show us those among the jinn and
men who led us astray: that we may crush them
under our feet so that they become the lowest."
[slide]
Example: Jihad-rule of
Abrogation
*In Mecca Muslims were not permitted to defend
themselves/fight. There only job was to deliver
the message (peaceful verses)
*Emigration to Medina: self defense was allowed
*Then offensive fighting was allowed
*Later verses abrogated former ie: peaceful verses
no longer apply
*Indeed at one point Islamic empire spanned form
Morocco/Spain to the Border of India/China.
[slide]
Verses Enjoining Peace and
Forgiveness
*[2.109] ....pardon and forgive, so that Allah
should bring about His command; surely Allah
has power over all things.
*[7.199] Take to forgiveness and enjoin good
and turn aside from the ignorant.
*[41.34] And not alike are the good and the evil.
Repel (evil) with what is best, when lo! he
between whom and you was enmity would be
as if he were a warm friend.
[slide]
Defensive Verses
*Permission (to fight) is given to those (believers)
who are fought against, because they have been
wronged; and surely, Allah is able to give them
victory.[22:39]
*Those who have been expelled from their homes
unjustly only because they said: "Our Lord is
Allah."....Verily, Allah will help those who help
his (cause). Truly, Allah is All-Strong, All-
Mighty.[22:40]
[slide]
Defensive Jihad Cont
*O you who believe! What is the matter
with you, that when you are asked to
march forth in the cause of Allah, you
cling heavily to the earth? Are you
pleased with the life of this world rather
thean the Hereafter? But little is the
enjoyment of the life of this world
compared to the Hereafter.[9:38]
[slide]
Defensive Jihad Cont
*9:39: "If you do not go forth, He will
chastise you with a painful chastisement
and bring in your place a people other than
you, and you will do Him no harm; and
Allah has power over all things."
[slide 40]
Defensive Verses Cont
*Verse 60:08 "Allah forbids you not, with
regard to those who fight you not for
(your) Faith nor drive you out of your
homes, from dealing kindly and justly
with them: for Allah loveth those who are
just."
[slide]
Defensive Jihad Cont
*Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight
you, but do not transgress limits; for
Allah loveth not transgressors.[2:190].
*But if they cease, Allah is Oft-Forgiving,
Most Merciful.[2:192]
[slide]
Verse of the Sword
*So when the Sacred Months have passed,
then fight the Mushrikin wherever you find
them, and capture them, and lie in wait for
them in each and every ambush. But if
they repent and perform the Salah, and
give the Zakah, then leave their way
free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most
Merciful. [9:05]
[slide]
Verse of the Sword Cont
*[Muslim 1:53] "I have been commanded to
fight the people until they testify that there
is no deity worthy of worship except Allah
and that Muhammad is the Messenger of
Allah, establish the prayer and pay the
Zakah."
[slide]
Offensive Jihad Cont
*9:29: "Fight those who do not believe in
Allah, nor in the latter day, nor do they
prohibit what Allah and His Messenger
have prohibited, nor follow the religion of
truth, out of those who have been given the
Book, until they pay the tax in
acknowledgment of superiority and they
are in a state of subjection."
[slide]
Offensive Islam If the Future
*Al-Bukhaari (2222) and Muslim (155) : The
Messenger of Allah (SAWS) said: "By the ONe
in Whose hand is my soul, soon the son of
Maryam will descend among you as a just judge.
He will break the cross, kill the pigs and abolish
the jizyah, and money will become abundant
until no one will accept it."
[slide]
History Cont
*Islam "spread by the sword"?
*[2:256] There is no compulsion in religion;
truly the right way has become clearly
distinct from error; therefore, whoever
disbelieves in the Shaitan and believes in
Allah he indeed has laid hold on the
firmest handle, which shall not break off,
and Allah is Hearing, Knowing
[slide]
Different Paths to Heaven?
*[2.62] Surely those who believe, and those who
are Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabians,
whoever believes in Allah and the Last day and
does good, they shall have their reward from
their Lord, and there is no fear for them, nor
shall they grieve.
*[3.85] And whoever desires a religion other
than Islam, it shall not be accepted from him,
and in the hereafter he shall be one of the
losers.
[slide]
Comments
*Osama Bin Laden
*Taliban
*Suicide bombers
*Iran
*If Muslim groups can convince Muslims that
they are fighting for God against injustices of
the "infidels"; ie: enemies of Islam, then
Muslims can become a potent adversary ie:
suicide bombing, etc.
*We love death more then you love life!
[slide]
Conclusions
*God expects full loyalty. Promises heaven and
threatens with Hell.
*Muslims may be seen as moderate
(compromising) but God is not.
*"I love the Koran and being a Muslim, but I don't
want to live under Islamic rule".
*Fighting to establish an Islamic State to please
God, even by force, is condoned by the Islam .
*Muslims Soldiers should not serve in any
capacity that renders them at risk to
hurting/killing believers unjustly -->will vary!
[slide 50]
Recommendation
*Department of Defense should allow
Muslims Soldiers the option of being
released as "Conscientous objectors" to
increase troop morale and decrease adverse
events.