What, or Who, is the Middle Class?

downtown

Crafternoon Delight
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So I saw this article a few days ago, prompted by some of the backlash against Obama's 529 college savings plan, about who the "middle class" is in the United States.

Here is the particularly interesting paragraph:
Vox.com said:
But there's no analogous "middle-class line." In the New York Times, Dionne Searcey and Robert Gebeloff try to create one, defining "middle class" as households making more than $35,000 and less than $100,000. Using this definition shows that the ranks of the middle class have been thinning for decades. But you can see Searcey and Gebeloff preparing for the backlash. "Although many Americans in households making more than $100,000 consider themselves middle class, particularly those living in expensive regions like the Northeast and Pacific Coast, they have substantially more money than most people."

As that caveat suggests, the amount of money needed to feel middle class varies sharply across the country. Making $50,000 leaves you struggling in Manhattan and wealthy in Detroit. Some argue that our definitions of "middle class" and "wealthy" should adjust for local living costs. But maybe that's an adjustment too far: is living in New York City a necessity, or is it a luxury good, much like buying a fancy car or a huge house?

So coming to this definition is tricky, especially as it becomes such a political important demographic and talking point. In this country, folks of generally every income bracket, even at the $150,000+ income level, often refer to themselves as "middle class", in part because there is some social distastefulness of referring to oneself as rich, and in part, i suspect, because we tend to socialize around people of similar profession and class level.If all you have is what is your peers have, you don't feel especially wealthy. You feel middle. Or something.

The Median household income in the US is around $52,000, so using that, a benchmark of around the 30-100K seems to make sense...but that, of course, isn't adjusted for location. But perhaps it shouldn't be?

I'll use myself as an example here. I live in one of the most expensive metros in all of the US, near Washington DC. My wife and I combine to make about 90K a year, which by all metrics, would mean that we're doing fairly well, even with a child. However, because housing, transportation and other essentials are so expensive in DC, our lifestyle doesn't resemble what most would consider middle class. We live in a small, one bedroom apartment in a bad neighborhood about an hour via Metro from downtown DC. We had to resort to the secondary, "unofficial" market to find child care. We don't go out. We don't own a car, and aren't able to save very much money each month. I lived far better in my first job out of college, when my household made half as much money (but i lived in way cheaper New Orleans).

On the other hand, I don't HAVE to live here. My wife and I are both educated white collar professionals who could move somewhere else without too much trouble, as are many people near our age and income level where we are. I'd have to change industries, but my skills are transferable enough that I could move to say, Cleveland in a month, make 60K as a household instead, and then buy a house. My circumstances are totally different. I can't think of too many professions that would allow somebody to make 50-110K in high cost metro that wouldn't be transferable to a lower cost metro. A much poorer person wouldn't be able to move.

Others have suggested that it isn't about raw income, but a "state of mind", which could vary from profession to profession, metro to metro, and depends on your ability to reach certain financial goals. Others might say it has nothing to do with income at all, but is about status or profession. Others may something entirely different.

What do you think? How do you define the middle class, and who is in it?
 
Middle class people are wealthy commoners. Upper class are a society's aristocracy and the priesthood, people who have political and/or intellectual influence, which may or may not be through financial prowess. An upper class person may have less wealth than a middle class person, since being upper class is ultimately about political and intellectual influence. One should consider scientists like Stephen Hawking and intellectuals like Noam Chomsky to be upper class as well as most billionaires such as Bill Gates.
 
I generally think of Middle Class as being a modern 'mercantile' class. Middle Class people are ones with skills and some amount of mobility, but with no "power". In general I think of Middle Class as being someone who lives only slightly ahead of paycheck-to-paycheck, but who are comfortable and afford many luxuries.

And you have to calculate middle class using PPP or it doesn't make sense.
 
Three wealth/income levels of people:
People whose money can move markets.
People who can live off their investments.
People who live on wages or welfare.
 
Stolen from Urban Dictionary:

Enemy of liberals and democrats: not poor enough to depend entirely on the government, not rich enough to fund their campaigns; threat to the implementation of Socialism and economic slavery.
 
@downtown
If that is your live with 90k, I wonder what the actual median would mean for a family in DC. Or only 35k. And how common this all is.
Frankly, with 90k your living situation as you line it out doesn't really make sense to me.

Yeah, I don't think it's uncommon. The median income in DC is 90K (highest in the country), and given that I have a kid (rare in my peer group and industry), the fact that I have to struggle a lot is not uncommon at all. As a family, we make a decent amount more than the median income in my exact town, but we're a two income family.
 
Hmm.

I guess by "middle class", here, is really meant "middle income". Then the OP's question makes some sense, I suppose.

But middle class (at least outside the US) isn't really just, or even at all, about income, but a whole set of cultural, educational, and aspirational values.
 
Hmm.

I guess by "middle class", here, is really meant "middle income". Then the OP's question makes some sense, I suppose.

But middle class (at least outside the US) isn't really just, or even at all, about income, but a whole set of cultural, educational, and aspirational values.

We should do a class system mostly independent of income levels:

The Upper Class: Politicians, religious figures, intellectuals, scientists, military officers, important CEO's, landowners
The Middle Class: Businesspeople who are not upper class, university graduates, students, service sector employees (regardless of actual income), government employees
The Lower Class: Agricultural and industrial wage earners
 
Those suggestions made here seem to be about power, prestige and the functioning of our societies, but while those questions may also be of importance, it serves an entirely different purpose than what I think the general purpose of the idea of middle, upper and lower class these days is. Which IMO is to establish classes of people who are economically struggling, who are alright or well off and those who are very well off. And for that you need primarily income, but of course also purchasing power.

And interesting question is if hence students tend to be lower class. Going by income, many undoubtedly will. However, a student may not necessarily perceive himself as struggling but think that given his or her stage in life he or she is alright. Students may be comfortable with very limited expenditures and luxuries because so are they social peers. However, if their job would give them the same income, they may perceive themselves as struggling.

Which brings us to one idea what it means to be 'alright' - that this means that you can feel integrated into or on-step with society. That you can broadly effort (to do) what people usually can effort. That you can save a little, that you can go out occasionally, that you can effort decent clothing and food, that you can occasionally make a trip etc.
Whereas struggling would mean that you struggle to / can not effort those general 'luxuries' or that you even struggle to provide yourself with the basics.

To get a handle on that, one would probably have to define the minimum 'alright' model household and then calculate the expenditure this would on average require in a given area. And if you fall below that, you are struggling or at least at risk to do so.

Moreover, in different areas this may mean a different model alright household. Though that may come into conflict with having a national idea of what it means to be middle class.


@Downtown Hm, okay, just know little about this stuff I guess.
 
For me the Middle Class are those who do not work physically with their hands. So coal miners and car production workers are working class, and call centre workers are middle class. I do not think it is contradictory that many working class people earn much more than some middle class people.

I was talking to someone who works with me, he is now a computer programmer (so classic middle class) and comes from a relatively poor northern working class household. I hold this makes him middle class, he still thinks of himself as working class. I do not know the answer.
 
I think that in the USA we tend to divide ourselves into Rich, Upper Middle Class, Middle Class, and Poor. We think of ourselves as classless, so we don't divide along working class/lower class/blue collar/white collar when we think of who is middle class. (Though we certainly do when we think about who our children should date/marry.)

Almost nobody considers themselves Rich. Rich people consider themselves Upper Middle Class, even when they have seven figure incomes, lots of employees, luxury homes and vehicles, lots of investments, etc.

I would say that middle class is people who don't have to worry about meeting their own basic needs - they have reasonably secure jobs, they can pay their rent/mortgage, they don't have to buy their breakfast cereal on the basis of what is on sale, they can splurge on entertainment now and again.

If you can run out and buy a new washing machine when the old one dies, and you don't have to cut back on anything else, then I think you are edging out of middle class into upper middle class. Where I live, near St. Louis, ~110k household income puts me, with 2 kids, comfortably in this range. We have 2 cars, a 4 bedroom house in a nice neighborhood, and 5-minute commutes to our jobs. Clearly location matters for this.

If you have to choose between food and something else, you're poor. If you can't afford healthcare, you are poor. If you have to work 60 hours a week to make ends meet, you are poor.
 
For me the Middle Class are those who do not work physically with their hands. So coal miners and car production workers are working class, and call centre workers are middle class. I do not think it is contradictory that many working class people earn much more than some middle class people.

I was talking to someone who works with me, he is now a computer programmer (so classic middle class) and comes from a relatively poor northern working class household. I hold this makes him middle class, he still thinks of himself as working class. I do not know the answer.
I've never thought of 'working class' being synonymous with physical labor, to be honest. It's tricky because the very label implies it but as you note, it is very possible for people in your 'working class' to make much more than people in your 'middle class'.

@downtown
If that is your live with 90k, I wonder what the actual median would mean for a family in DC. Or only 35k. And how common this all is.
Frankly, with 90k your living situation as you line it out doesn't really make sense to me.
It actually makes a lot of sense. Prices for nearly all things are inflated in cities and in a few big cities in particular (DC, NYC jump to mind) it raises to nearly price-gouging levels. It's hard to list all of the ways that city-livers get screwed but it is a thing, particularly where he lives. So his income, while on paper seems pretty high, is decidedly middle-class for his area (and barely even that). For reference, my brother looked for apartments in NYC in or near Manhattan and for a studio 1-bedroom they were looking at $2800/month rent.


Of course, downtown has a point - my brother doesn't have to live in or near Manhattan. It's a trade off for having the convenience of easy access to the luxuries of city living and living near where you work versus the extreme price for that access. And since so many people want to have that access (i.e. live near or in Manhattan) prices are therefore going to be sky high.

I'm actually torn on this subject because on the one hand, I don't like that certain cities are developing into large wealthy-people-only zones (or at least large chunks of them are). I mean, it is natural that there will be different neighborhoods with different income levels but there seems to be a trend in some places like DC or NYC that is really squeezing everyone but the wealthy out of large chunks of the city and even those in the 'bad' areas can hardly afford to live there.

On the other hand, I am not sure that I am completely comfortable with lots of government intervention to try and make areas more affordable for everyone when the reality is some people just shouldn't live where they can't afford to live.

I guess, as with most things, the devil is in the details and it's all a balancing act.
 
There is no right or objective answer, which might mean that the term is useless.

An uneducated roughneck working on oil rigs can easily make far more than Dowtown and his wife combined. But he's still a blue collar worker, doing physical labor for a living, and likely to socialize with people who don't fit the "middle-class" stereotype, and have tastes that don't really fit what we usually think of as middle-class tastes either. Is he middle-class, or even upper class, because he makes over $100k? Are there cultural components to it or is it purely based on how much you make, adjusted or not for cost of living?

And is the situation of a household making $30k even remotely comparable to that of one making $100k?
 
And is the situation of a household making $30k even remotely comparable to that of one making $100k?

Depending on location, yeah I think they can be comparable. I am able to live pretty comfortably near St. Louis on ~$30k but I couldn't do that if I moved near my brother in NYC - anywhere in NYC.
 
Depends on the cost of living in a given area.
 
Speaking as an American, I don't think "Middle Class" should account in any way for how you earn your money or how you choose to spend it. I think that's how you get into classism, and garbage like whether a person's accent or what sports they follow or what music they listen to makes them low-class. A surgeon can go to the Daytona 500 every year and a plumber can have season tickets to the symphony; I don't know what either has to do with anything.

For the purposes of things like economic policy, I can think of no reason the definition of middle class should be anything other than how much wealth you have.
 
There is no right or objective answer, which might mean that the term is useless.
Well that is only true if the middle class was supposed to be an actual thing. Something pre-existing we only have to recognize as such.
The first question is not what the middle class is, but what you want to show. If you know that, middle class can be IMO an extremely useful heuristic to understand what is going on within a society.
For the purposes of things like economic policy, I can think of no reason the definition of middle class should be anything other than how much wealth you have.
I broadly agree. I do not want to rule out that another definition may be of use for "things like economic policy", but it certainly is strikingly useful to go by wealth.
 
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